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• W1968981108 abstract "Adhesion of circulating leukocytes, especially monocytes, to activated endothelial cells, leading to the resultant transendothelial migration to the subendothelium, is an initial and important step in atherosclerosis [1Zimmerman G.A. McIntyre T.M. Prescott S.M. Adhesion and signaling in vascular cell–cell interactions.J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 1699-702Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. Since this process is mediated by adhesion molecules, including E‐selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1, the regulation of expression of these molecules is related to the development of atherosclerosis [1Zimmerman G.A. McIntyre T.M. Prescott S.M. Adhesion and signaling in vascular cell–cell interactions.J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 1699-702Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. The inappropriate expression of these adhesive proteins is induced by various inflammatory stimuli, of which the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is important [1Zimmerman G.A. McIntyre T.M. Prescott S.M. Adhesion and signaling in vascular cell–cell interactions.J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 1699-702Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 2Madge L.A. Pober J.S. TNF signaling in vascular endothelial cells.Exp Mol Pathol. 2001; 70: 317-25Crossref PubMed Scopus (260) Google Scholar]. Since sphingosine 1‐phosphate (Sph‐1‐P) is abundantly stored in platelets and released extracellularly upon stimulation and since vascular endothelial cells express the G protein‐coupled Sph‐1‐P receptors S1Ps, it is important to study the effect of Sph‐1‐P on endothelial cells from the viewpoint of platelet–endothelial cell interaction [3Yatomi Y. Ozaki Y. Ohmori T. Igarashi Y. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate: synthesis and release.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Med. 2001; 64: 107-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. In this study, we examined the effect of Sph‐1‐P, in comparison with the inflammatory cytokines, on adhesion molecule expression; Sph‐1‐P was previously reported to mediate the response elicited by TNF‐α[4Xia P. Gamble J.R. Rye K.A. Wang L. Hii C.S. Cockerill P. Khew‐Goodall Y. Bert A.G. Barter P.J. Vadas M.A. Tumor necrosis factor‐α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 14196-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), it was confirmed that TNF‐α, as well as interleukin (IL)‐1β, potently triggers the expression of E‐selectin and VCAM‐1 (Fig. 1A). Sph‐1‐P did induce adhesion molecule expression, but only very weakly (Fig. 1A). Similar results, i.e. strong responses induced by TNF‐α and weak responses by Sph‐1‐P, were obtained when HUVEC plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 release was examined (data not shown). These findings are in contrast with the strong intracellular Ca2+mobilization and migration responses induced by Sph‐1‐P, which have been established to be due to its extracellular actions via S1Ps [3Yatomi Y. Ozaki Y. Ohmori T. Igarashi Y. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate: synthesis and release.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Med. 2001; 64: 107-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 5Lee M.J. Thangada S. Claffey K.P. Ancellin N. Liu C.H. Kluk M. Volpi M. Sha'afi R.I. Hla T. Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine‐1‐phosphate.Cell. 1999; 99: 301-12Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. Since NF‐κB is an essential transcriptional factor for not only the expression of adhesion molecules but also that of PAI‐1, it is likely that the ability of Sph‐1‐P to activate this transcriptional regulatory protein is weak. Our findings are consistent with the report that Sph‐1‐P fails to induce E‐selectin expression or NF‐κB activation [6Masamune A. Igarashi Y. Hakomori S. Regulatory role of ceramide in interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced E‐selectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Ceramide enhances IL‐1β action, but is not sufficient for E‐selectin expression.J Biol Chem. 1996; 271: 9368-75Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar], but not with one describing that Sph‐1‐P can mimic the effect of TNF‐α leading to the adhesive responses [4Xia P. Gamble J.R. Rye K.A. Wang L. Hii C.S. Cockerill P. Khew‐Goodall Y. Bert A.G. Barter P.J. Vadas M.A. Tumor necrosis factor‐α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 14196-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. Sph‐1‐P has been shown to act not only as an extracellular mediator but also as an intracellular second messenger. Both types of Sph‐1‐P actions can even be observed within one system, and the HUVEC has been considered as one such example; Sph‐1‐P induces migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, and nitric oxide formation through the cell surface receptors S1P1and S1P3[3Yatomi Y. Ozaki Y. Ohmori T. Igarashi Y. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate: synthesis and release.Prostaglandins Other Lipid Med. 2001; 64: 107-22Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar, 5Lee M.J. Thangada S. Claffey K.P. Ancellin N. Liu C.H. Kluk M. Volpi M. Sha'afi R.I. Hla T. Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine‐1‐phosphate.Cell. 1999; 99: 301-12Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar], while the Sph kinase pathway through the generation of intracellular Sph‐1‐P is critically involved in mediating TNF‐α‐induced endothelial activation [4Xia P. Gamble J.R. Rye K.A. Wang L. Hii C.S. Cockerill P. Khew‐Goodall Y. Bert A.G. Barter P.J. Vadas M.A. Tumor necrosis factor‐α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 14196-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. Xiaet al. reported that: (i) TNF‐α induces a rapid Sph kinase activation and the resultant Sph‐1‐P generation; (ii) Sph‐1‐P, as well as TNF‐α, potently stimulates NF‐κB activation and adhesion protein expression; and (iii) the Sph kinase inhibitor dimethylsphingosine inhibits the TNF‐α‐induced responses [4Xia P. Gamble J.R. Rye K.A. Wang L. Hii C.S. Cockerill P. Khew‐Goodall Y. Bert A.G. Barter P.J. Vadas M.A. Tumor necrosis factor‐α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 14196-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. Thus, it was postulated that intracellular Sph‐1‐P serves as a second messenger in mediating TNF‐α‐induced adhesion molecule expression [4Xia P. Gamble J.R. Rye K.A. Wang L. Hii C.S. Cockerill P. Khew‐Goodall Y. Bert A.G. Barter P.J. Vadas M.A. Tumor necrosis factor‐α induces adhesion molecule expression through the sphingosine kinase pathway.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 14196-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. However, it should be kept in mind that dimethylsphingosine inhibits not only Sph kinase but also protein kinase C and MAP kinase, and the data obtained using this non‐specific inhibitor should be interpreted with caution [7Yang L. Yatomi Y. Satoh K. Igarashi Y. Ozaki Y. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate formation and intracellular Ca2+mobilization in human platelets: evaluation with sphingosine kinase inhibitors.J Biochem. 1999; 126: 84-9Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. In this study, we observed that: (i) the stimulatory effect of Sph‐1‐P on HUVEC adhesion molecule expression is much weaker than that of TNF‐α (Fig. 1A); (ii) the Sph‐1‐P (but not TNF‐α) response was abolished by pertussis toxin (Fig. 1B); and (iii) Sph conversion into Sph‐1‐P, reflecting Sph kinase activation, was not affected by TNF‐α (data not shown). These present results suggest that Sph‐1‐P induction of adhesion molecule expression, although weak, is mediated by cell surface receptors, possibly one or more of S1Ps, and argue against the second messenger role of Sph‐1‐P. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which TNF‐α induces adhesion molecule expression in vascular endothelial cells. The authors thank Mitsubishi Kagaku Iatron, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) for the donation of LPIA/tPAI test kits. This study was supported by a Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan and by Mitsubishi Pharma Research Foundation." @default.
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• W1968981108 title "Independence of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced adhesion molecule expression from sphingosine 1‐phosphate signaling in vascular endothelial cells" @default.
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