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• W1971659096 abstract "CD34 is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein of ∼110 kd whose function is essentially uncharacterized. First identified in a myeloid leukemia cell line, immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34 antibodies is also encountered in a histologically diverse subset of nonhematolymphoid neoplasms including angiosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumors, epithelioid sarcomas, spindle cell lipomas, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and myofibroblastomas. Immunohistological reactivity for CD34 in hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells has been shown to correspond to the expression of the CD34 protein. With the exception of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, CD34 protein expression has not been investigated in other CD34 immunohistologically reactive nonhematolymphoid neoplasms. We undertook this study to examine whether the observed reactivity for anti-CD34 antibodies in apparently unrelated tumors is due to the expression of the same protein or whether shared epitopes elaborated by other proteins could account for this reactivity. Immunoblot analyses with anti-CD34 antibodies of six different CD34 immunohistologically reactive lesions show the same ∼110-kd molecular weight protein. In addition, two cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans show double bands at ∼110 kd. Laser-capture microdissection of CD34 immunohistologically reactive epithelioid sarcoma and nonreactive epidermal cells illustrates that this reactivity is specific to tumor cells. These results show that the observed immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34 antibodies is due to the expression of the CD34 protein and not to shared epitopes on unrelated proteins. CD34 is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein of ∼110 kd whose function is essentially uncharacterized. First identified in a myeloid leukemia cell line, immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34 antibodies is also encountered in a histologically diverse subset of nonhematolymphoid neoplasms including angiosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumors, epithelioid sarcomas, spindle cell lipomas, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and myofibroblastomas. Immunohistological reactivity for CD34 in hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells has been shown to correspond to the expression of the CD34 protein. With the exception of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, CD34 protein expression has not been investigated in other CD34 immunohistologically reactive nonhematolymphoid neoplasms. We undertook this study to examine whether the observed reactivity for anti-CD34 antibodies in apparently unrelated tumors is due to the expression of the same protein or whether shared epitopes elaborated by other proteins could account for this reactivity. Immunoblot analyses with anti-CD34 antibodies of six different CD34 immunohistologically reactive lesions show the same ∼110-kd molecular weight protein. In addition, two cases of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans show double bands at ∼110 kd. Laser-capture microdissection of CD34 immunohistologically reactive epithelioid sarcoma and nonreactive epidermal cells illustrates that this reactivity is specific to tumor cells. These results show that the observed immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34 antibodies is due to the expression of the CD34 protein and not to shared epitopes on unrelated proteins. The human CD34 molecule was originally identified in a myeloid leukemia cell line (KG1a) and was initially characterized as a marker for hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells.1Andrews RG Singer JW Bernstein ID Monoclonal antibody 12-8 recognizes a 115-kd molecule present on both unipotent and multipotent hematopoietic colony-forming cells and their precursors.Blood. 1986; 67: 842-845Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 2Baum CM Weissman IL Tsukamoto AS Buckle AM Peault B Isolation of a candidate human hematopoietic stem-cell population.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 2804-2808Crossref PubMed Scopus (889) Google Scholar, 3Civin CI Strauss LC Brovall C Fackler MJ Schwartz JF Shaper JH Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis. III. A hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells.J Immunol. 1984; 133: 157-165PubMed Google Scholar, 4Strauss LC Rowley SD La Russa VF Sharkis SJ Stuart RK Civin CI Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis. V. Characterization of My-10 antigen expression by normal lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells.Exp Hematol. 1986; 14: 878-886PubMed Google Scholar, 5Greaves MF Brown J Molgaard HV Spurr NK Robertson D Delia D Sutherland DR Molecular features of CD34: a hemopoietic progenitor cell-associated molecule.Leukemia. 1992; 6: 31-36PubMed Google Scholar, 6Fina L Molgaard HV Robertson D Bradley NJ Monaghan P Delia D Sutherland DR Baker MA Greaves MF Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells.Blood. 1990; 75: 2417-2426Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Subsequent investigations have found that in addition to immature leukemias7Matutes E Rodriguez B Polli N Tavares de Castro J Parreira A Andrews C Griffin JD Tindle RW Catovsky D Characterization of myeloid leukemias with monoclonal antibodies 3C5 and MY9.Hematol Oncol. 1985; 3: 179-186Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 8Borowitz MJ Shuster JJ Civin CI Carroll AJ Look AT Behm FG Land VJ Pullen DJ Crist WM Prognostic significance of CD34 expression in childhood B-precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.J Clin Oncol. 1990; 8: 1389-1398Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar, 9Pui CH Hancock ML Head DR Rivera GK Look AT Sandlund JT Behm FG Clinical significance of CD34 expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Blood. 1993; 82: 889-894Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Tindle RW Nichols RA Chan L Campana D Catovsky D Birnie GD A novel monoclonal antibody BI-3C5 recognises myeloblasts and non-B non-T lymphoblasts in acute leukaemias and CGL blast crises, and reacts with immature cells in normal bone marrow.Leuk Res. 1985; 9: 1-9Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar and vascular tumors,11Ramani P Bradley NJ Fletcher CD QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: assessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections.Histopathology. 1990; 17: 237-242Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar, 12Nickoloff BJ The human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) is localized on endothelial cells, dermal dendritic cells, and perifollicular cells in formalin-fixed normal skin, and on proliferating endothelial cells and stromal spindle-shaped cells in Kaposi's sarcoma.Arch Dermatol. 1991; 127: 523-529Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar, 13Cohen PR Rapini RP Farhood AI Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors.J Cutan Pathol. 1993; 20: 15-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar, 14Traweek ST Kandalaft PL Mehta P Battifora H The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia.Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 25-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar, 15Aziza J Mazerolles C Selves J Comparison of the reactivities of monoclonal antibodies QBEND10 (CD34) and BNH9 in vascular tumors.Appl Immunohistochem. 1993; 1: 51-57Google Scholar anti-CD34 antibodies react with a specific subset of histologically diverse nonhematolymphoid neoplasms. These neoplasms include solitary fibrous tumors (SFT),16van de Rijn M Lombard CM Rouse RV Expression of CD34 by solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura, mediastinum, and lung.Am J Surg Pathol. 1994; 18: 814-820Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar, 17Weiss SW Nickoloff BJ CD-34 is expressed by a distinctive cell population in peripheral nerve, nerve sheath tumors, and related lesions.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 1039-1045Crossref PubMed Scopus (366) Google Scholar gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST),18van de Rijn M Hendrickson MR Rouse RV CD34 expression by gastrointestinal tract stromal tumors.Hum Pathol. 1994; 25: 766-771Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar spindle cell lipomas,19Suster S Fisher C Immunoreactivity for the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in lipomatous tumors.Am J Surg Pathol. 1997; 21: 195-200Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar, 20Templeton SF Solomon Jr., AR Spindle cell lipoma is strongly CD34 positive: an immunohistochemical study.J Cutan Pathol. 1996; 23: 546-550Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP),11Ramani P Bradley NJ Fletcher CD QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: assessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections.Histopathology. 1990; 17: 237-242Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar, 13Cohen PR Rapini RP Farhood AI Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors.J Cutan Pathol. 1993; 20: 15-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar, 21Abenoza P Lillemoe T CD34, and factor XIIIa in the differential diagnosis of dermatofibroma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.Am J Dermatopathol. 1993; 15: 429-434Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar, 22Kutzner H Expression of the human progenitor cell antigen CD34 (HPCA-1) distinguishes dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans from fibrous histiocytoma in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993; 28: 613-617Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (141) Google Scholar epithelioid sarcomas,14Traweek ST Kandalaft PL Mehta P Battifora H The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia.Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 25-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar, 23Arber DA Kandalaft PL Mehta P Battifora H Vimentin-negative epithelioid sarcoma: the value of an immunohistochemical panel that includes CD34.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 302-307Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar, 24Sirgi KE Wick MR Swanson PE B72.3, and CD34 immunoreactivity in malignant epithelioid soft tissue tumors: adjuncts in the recognition of endothelial neoplasms.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 179-185Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar myofibroblastomas,25Thomas TM Myint A Mak CK Chan JK Mammary myofibroblastoma with leiomyomatous differentiation.Am J Clin Pathol. 1997; 107: 52-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 26Fukunaga M Ushigome S Myofibroblastoma of the breast with diverse differentiations.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1997; 121: 599-603PubMed Google Scholar and neural tumors.17Weiss SW Nickoloff BJ CD-34 is expressed by a distinctive cell population in peripheral nerve, nerve sheath tumors, and related lesions.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 1039-1045Crossref PubMed Scopus (366) Google Scholar Although a variety of neoplasms display immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34, this immunophenotype is restricted and can aid in distinguishing specific tumors from histological mimics in their differential diagnoses. Most significantly, very few carcinomas (1%) and melanomas (0.5%), and no Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, with the exception of lymphoblastic lymphomas, have been reported to express CD34.11Ramani P Bradley NJ Fletcher CD QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: assessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections.Histopathology. 1990; 17: 237-242Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar, 13Cohen PR Rapini RP Farhood AI Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors.J Cutan Pathol. 1993; 20: 15-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar, 14Traweek ST Kandalaft PL Mehta P Battifora H The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia.Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 25-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar, 15Aziza J Mazerolles C Selves J Comparison of the reactivities of monoclonal antibodies QBEND10 (CD34) and BNH9 in vascular tumors.Appl Immunohistochem. 1993; 1: 51-57Google Scholar, 17Weiss SW Nickoloff BJ CD-34 is expressed by a distinctive cell population in peripheral nerve, nerve sheath tumors, and related lesions.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 1039-1045Crossref PubMed Scopus (366) Google Scholar, 27Hanson CA Ross CW Schnitzer B Anti-CD34 immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin sections of acute leukemia: comparison with flow cytometric immunophenotyping.Hum Pathol. 1992; 23: 26-32Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 28van de Rijn M Hendrickson MR Rouse RV CD34: a review.Appl Immunohistochem. 1994; 21: 71-80Google Scholar CD34 is a type I integral membrane protein of ∼110 kd molecular weight whose DNA sequence has no known homologue and whose postulated function in cytoadhesive signaling is largely uncharacterized.5Greaves MF Brown J Molgaard HV Spurr NK Robertson D Delia D Sutherland DR Molecular features of CD34: a hemopoietic progenitor cell-associated molecule.Leukemia. 1992; 6: 31-36PubMed Google Scholar, 29He XY Antao VP Basila D Marx JC Davis BR Isolation and molecular characterization of the human CD34 gene.Blood. 1992; 79: 2296-2302Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 30Simmons DL Satterthwaite AB Tenen DG Seed B Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomucin of human hematopoietic stem cells.J Immunol. 1992; 148: 267-271PubMed Google Scholar, 31Majdic O Stockl J Pickl WF Bohuslav J Strobl H Scheinecker C Stockinger H Knapp W Signaling and induction of enhanced cytoadhesiveness via the hematopoietic progenitor cell surface molecule CD34.Blood. 1994; 83: 1226-1234PubMed Google Scholar, 32Hu MC Chien SL The cytoplasmic domain of stem cell antigen CD34 is essential for cytoadhesion signaling but not sufficient for proliferation signaling.Blood. 1998; 91: 1152-1162PubMed Google Scholar Two types of murine CD34 mRNA that differ at the cytoplasmic portion of the molecule generated by alternative splicing have been described.33Suda J Sudo T Ito M Ohno N Yamaguchi Y Suda T Two types of murine CD34 mRNA generated by alternative splicing.Blood. 1992; 79: 2288-2295PubMed Google Scholar The protein backbone, based on its unique DNA sequence, is estimated to be 45 kd. A significant portion of the molecular weight of CD34 is contributed by posttranslational modifications leading to embellishment of the protein core by carbohydrate moieties. These modifications are determined by the protein sequence and include several O-linked and N-linked glycosylation sites located especially in the extracellular domain.5Greaves MF Brown J Molgaard HV Spurr NK Robertson D Delia D Sutherland DR Molecular features of CD34: a hemopoietic progenitor cell-associated molecule.Leukemia. 1992; 6: 31-36PubMed Google Scholar, 6Fina L Molgaard HV Robertson D Bradley NJ Monaghan P Delia D Sutherland DR Baker MA Greaves MF Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells.Blood. 1990; 75: 2417-2426Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 30Simmons DL Satterthwaite AB Tenen DG Seed B Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomucin of human hematopoietic stem cells.J Immunol. 1992; 148: 267-271PubMed Google Scholar, 34Sutherland DR Marsh JC Davidson J Baker MA Keating A Mellors A Differential sensitivity of CD34 epitopes to cleavage by Pasteurella haemolytica glycoprotease: implications for purification of CD34- positive progenitor cells.Exp Hematol. 1992; 20: 590-599PubMed Google Scholar Monoclonal anti-CD34 antibodies such as MY10 and QBEND10 that are commonly used in the practice of diagnostic surgical pathology for detection of CD34 reactivity are known to recognize oligosaccharide side chains borne on this protein.34Sutherland DR Marsh JC Davidson J Baker MA Keating A Mellors A Differential sensitivity of CD34 epitopes to cleavage by Pasteurella haemolytica glycoprotease: implications for purification of CD34- positive progenitor cells.Exp Hematol. 1992; 20: 590-599PubMed Google Scholar Thus, posttranslational modifications are important modulators of antigen recognition in CD34 reactivity. The specificity of antigen-antibody recognition relies on complex and precise protein-protein interactions. The breakdown of this specificity can lead to severe consequences that impact on autoimmunity and neoplasia. Multiple binding capabilities (also known as binding promiscuity, cross-reactivity, polyspecificity, and molecular mimicry. of polyclonal as well as high-affinity monoclonal antibodies have been well documented.35Wucherpfennig KW Strominger JL Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein.Cell. 1995; 80: 695-705Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1266) Google Scholar, 36Zhang ZX Chen M Wallhagen K Trojnar J Magnius LO Wahren B Sallberg M Molecular basis for antibody cross-reactivity between the hepatitis C virus core protein and the host-derived GOR protein.Clin Exp Immunol. 1994; 96: 403-409Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 37Kramer A Keitel T Winkler K Stocklein W Hohne W Schneider-Mergener J Molecular basis for the binding promiscuity of an anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody.Cell. 1997; 91: 799-809Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 38Keitel T Kramer A Wessner H Scholz C Schneider-Mergener J Hohne W Crystallographic analysis of anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody cross- reactivity and polyspecificity.Cell. 1997; 91: 811-820Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar, 39Oldstone MB Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease.Cell. 1987; 50: 819-820Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (784) Google Scholar Conservation of important residues or consensus motifs within different polypeptides and the utilization of structural similarities are thought to facilitate these interactions. It is therefore unclear whether the observed immunohistological reactivity for anti-CD34 with a variety of different tumors is due to the expression of the same protein or whether cross-reactivity of epitopes present on unrelated proteins could explain this reactivity on unrelated neoplasms. In addition, because many anti-CD34 antibodies react with antigenic sites on glycosylated side chains, proteins elaborating similar glycosylation motifs may exhibit reactivity with anti-CD34 antibodies. In hematopoietic stem cells and in endothelial cells the expression of the CD34 gene correlates with protein expression.5Greaves MF Brown J Molgaard HV Spurr NK Robertson D Delia D Sutherland DR Molecular features of CD34: a hemopoietic progenitor cell-associated molecule.Leukemia. 1992; 6: 31-36PubMed Google Scholar, 6Fina L Molgaard HV Robertson D Bradley NJ Monaghan P Delia D Sutherland DR Baker MA Greaves MF Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells.Blood. 1990; 75: 2417-2426Crossref PubMed Google Scholar Among soft tissue tumors correlation of CD34 immunohistological reactivity with protein expression has been demonstrated in GIST18van de Rijn M Hendrickson MR Rouse RV CD34 expression by gastrointestinal tract stromal tumors.Hum Pathol. 1994; 25: 766-771Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar; however, this has not been tested in other CD34 immunohistologically reactive tumors. The importance of CD34 as a marker for hematopoietic stem cells and its diagnostic utility in a variety of nonhematolymphoid neoplasms prompted us to investigate whether CD34 immunohistological reactivity corresponds to the expression of a distinct protein. Fresh frozen tissues of SFTs, GISTs, DFSPs, epithelioid sarcomas, myofibroblastomas, and spindle cell lipomas from specimens submitted to the pathology departments of Stanford University Medical Center (Stanford, CA), University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (Philadelphia, PA), and The Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust (London, UK) comprise this study. All cases had histological and immunohistochemical features characteristic of the lesion in question. The prototype antibody directed against CD34 (anti-HPCA-1, clone MY10; Becton-Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) was used as the primary antibody for assessment of CD34 reactivity by immunohistochemistry. Four-micron paraffin-embedded tissue sections were hydrated in a graded series of alcohol and incubated with 1:10 dilution of anti-CD34 antibody. Detection was performed on an automated staining machine (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ). Lysates were prepared from fresh frozen tissue samples and analyzed by 7.5% acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Coomassie staining was used to quantitate amounts of protein and equal quantities from each sample were run on SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose by electrophoresis. The CD34 molecule was detected by anti-CD34 (clone MY10) alkaline phosphatase-conjugate driven NBT/BCIP or with DAB-peroxidase staining. A lysate from KG1a, the CD34 immunohistologically reactive myeloid leukemia cell line known to express the ∼110-kd CD34 protein,3Civin CI Strauss LC Brovall C Fackler MJ Schwartz JF Shaper JH Antigenic analysis of hematopoiesis. III. A hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells.J Immunol. 1984; 133: 157-165PubMed Google Scholar was used as a positive control. Tumor cell lysates in which the anti-CD34 antibody detected a product identical in migratory characteristics to that seen in the KG1a lysate were considered to express CD34 protein. A lysate from a CD34 immunohistologically nonreactive GIST sample (in which CD34-immunoreactive normal endothelial cells were present) was used as a negative control. Separation of tumor cells from surrounding nontumor cells was accomplished by microscopic dissection using a laser-capture microdissection device (Arcturus PXL-200), which allows for isolation of small groups of cells in the areas of interest from frozen tissue sections onto a transfer film.40Bonner RF Emmert-Buck M Cole K Pohida T Chuaqui R Goldstein S Liotta LA Laser capture microdissection: molecular analysis of tissue.Science. 1997; 278 (1483): 1481Crossref PubMed Scopus (774) Google Scholar, 41Emmert-Buck MR Bonner RF Smith PD Chuaqui RF Zhuang Z Goldstein SR Weiss RA Liotta LA Laser capture microdissection.Science. 1996; 274: 998-1001Crossref PubMed Scopus (2091) Google Scholar, 42Simone NL Bonner RF Gillespie JW Emmert-Buck MR Liotta LA Laser-capture microdissection: opening the microscopic frontier to molecular analysis.Trends Genet. 1998; 14: 272-276Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar After selection of cells, the film was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube and protein isolation was performed. The laser-capture microdissection technique was applied to a sample of epithelioid sarcoma as unselected material from this tumor yielded a broad smear on CD34 immunoblots, presumably due to the high fat content of this sample. Microdissected material from the CD34 immunohistologically nonreactive GIST and microdissected epidermis overlying lesional cells was used as negative controls while a KG1a lysate was used as a positive control. All cases in this study were typical examples of the rendered diagnoses as summarized in Table 1. Both malignant GISTs showed interlacing bundles of dense spindled cells with brisk mitotic activity and mild pleomorphism. The two SFTs displayed spindled cells that lacked significant pleomorphism and mitotic activity and were variably associated with dense collagen. The cases of DFSP showed bland spindled cells arranged in fascicles as well as in a storiform pattern. The case of myofibroblastoma consisted of a monotonous spindled cell proliferation arising in the background of benign breast parenchyma. The spindle cell lipomas displayed clusters of adipocytes with intervening spindled cells, minimal atypia, and focal myxoid changes. The epithelioid sarcoma showed a proliferation of epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm and moderate nuclear pleomorphism. In contrast to the other tumors, the epithelioid sarcoma was surrounded by a significant amount of subcutaneous fat and was also associated with marked tumor cell necrosis.Table 1Summary of Clinical, Immunohistological, and Immunoblot FindingsCaseAge/SexDiagnosisSiteCD34 IHCImmunoblot141 FEpithelioid sarcomaThigh++broad smear*Non-microdissected lysate.273 MMalignant gastrointestinal stromal tumorStomach+++broad band331 MMalignant gastrointestinal stromal tumorPeritoneum−no band475 FSolitary fibrous tumorMediastinum+++broad band545 MSolitary fibrous tumorParapharyngeal space+++broad band640 MDermatofibrosarcoma protuberansScalp+++double bands718 FDermatofibrosarcoma protuberansBreast++double bands876 FDermatofibrosarcoma protuberansLeg+broad band977 MDermatofibrosarcoma protuberansChest−no band1062 MMyofibroblastomaBreast++broad band1165 MSpindle cell lipomaSoft tissue++broad band1255 MSpindle cell lipomaNeck++broad bandIHC, immunohistochemistry.The intensity of CD34 staining was scored as follows: +++ = strong, ++ = moderate, + = weak.* Non-microdissected lysate. Open table in a new tab IHC, immunohistochemistry. The intensity of CD34 staining was scored as follows: +++ = strong, ++ = moderate, + = weak. Immunohistochemistry for CD34 showed strong reactivity in one of two malignant GISTs and in both SFTs. The CD34-negative GIST (case 3) was histologically compatible with a diagnosis of GIST and stained for the muscle marker, smooth muscle actin, and for CD117 (c-kit). This lesion was used as a negative control in the immunoblot experiments described below. In the CD34 immunohistologically reactive neoplasms a majority of the neoplastic cells stained positive. The myofibroblastoma and spindle cell lipomas showed moderate CD34 reactivity. The epithelioid sarcoma displayed moderate membrane staining. Among the four DFSPs, two showed moderate to strong CD34 reactivity, the DFSP from the leg showed weak staining, and the DFSP from the chest wall showed no immunoreactivity. The epithelioid sarcoma was the only lesion in which predominantly membrane staining was seen; all other lesions showed cytoplasmic staining. This tumor was also positive for low-molecular-weight keratin, which is typical of epithelioid sarcoma. Typical lesional areas of epithelioid sarcoma, malignant GIST, DFSP, and myofibroblastoma, and their immunohistological reactivity with anti-CD34, antibody are shown in Figure 1. A broad band migrating at approximately 110 kd, comparable to that seen in the lysate from the KG1a cell line, was detected in the two cases of SFTs, one malignant GIST, one myofibroblastoma, and the two spindle cell lipomas (Figure 2A). Among the four DFSPs, three cases showed detectable bands. One case showed one band at ∼110 kd, which was comparable to that seen in the KG1a lysate and other tumors shown in Figure 2. Two other cases of DFSP exhibited identical double bands at approximately 110 kd (Figure 2B). The lysate from nonmicrodissected epithelioid sarcoma demonstrated a broader smear that appeared to run at a slightly lower molecular weight (Figure 2A). Only the band from the nonmicrodissected epithelioid sarcoma extended beyond the confines of the band from the KG1a lysate. The ∼110-kd band was absent from the GIST and the DFSP that were nonreactive for CD34 by immunohistochemistry. None of the lysates exhibiting the ∼110-kd band, including the KG1a cell line, displayed a single sharp band. Laser-capture microdissection performed on the case of epithelioid sarcoma allowed the separation of the tumor cells from surrounding adipose tissue and skin (Figure 3, A-D). Lysates prepared from microdissected tissue were analyzed by immunoblotting and showed a band at ∼110 kd in the lysate from tumor cells, but not in the lysate containing only epidermis devoid of tumor cells (Figure 3E). This band was not a broad smear as seen in the lysate from the undissected tumor, and migrated within the confines of the band from the KG1a lysate. An area of tissue similar in size was microdissected from the CD34 immunohistologically nonreactive GIST and used as a negative control. Anti-CD34 antibodies are remarkable in that they recognize specific but histologically divergent cell types and neoplasms ranging from hematopoietic and endothelial neoplasms to a variety of soft tissue tumors. In addition to these known divergent lineages, the various soft tissue tumors exhibit a broad range of histological appearances that do not suggest a common cell of origin or type of differentiation. Although some CD34 immunohistologically reactive soft tissue tumors exhibit a bland spindled cell composition, others are cytologically malignant or display an epithelioid morphology. However, other spindled cell lesions that show histological overlap, such as synovial sarcomas and fibrous histiocytomas, display no CD34 immunohistological reactivity.28van de Rijn M Hendrickson MR Rouse RV CD34: a review.Appl Immunohistochem. 1994; 21: 71-80Google Scholar Importantly, the vast majority of carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas are negative for CD34.11Ramani P Bradley NJ Fletcher CD QBEND/10, a new monoclonal antibody to endothelium: assessment of its diagnostic utility in paraffin sections.Histopathology. 1990; 17: 237-242Crossref PubMed Scopus (205) Google Scholar, 13Cohen PR Rapini RP Farhood AI Expression of the human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 in vascular and spindle cell tumors.J Cutan Pathol. 1993; 20: 15-20Crossref PubMed Scopus (130) Google Scholar, 14Traweek ST Kandalaft PL Mehta P Battifora H The human hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in vascular neoplasia.Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 25-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar, 15Aziza J Mazerolles C Selves J Comparison of the reactivities of monoclonal antibodies QBEND10 (CD34) and BNH9 in vascular tumors.Appl Immunohistochem. 1993; 1: 51-57Google Scholar, 17Weiss SW Nickoloff BJ CD-34 is expressed by a distinctive cell population in peripheral nerve, nerve sheath tumors, and related lesions.Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 10" @default.
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• W1971659096 date "2000-01-01" @default.
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• W1971659096 title "Immunoblot Analysis of CD34 Expression in Histologically Diverse Neoplasms" @default.
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