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- W1972371118 abstract "Abstract In this paper, I discuss subjective desire and its subtle relationship with moral facts based on a comparative study of the Analects of Confucius and the Lotus Sutra. I pick out two points in this pair of classics in order to examine their ideas about accessing the highest wisdom: (1) the relationship between desire and Confucian ren, humanity, benevolence or virtue in the Analects, and (2) the role of learning and the ontological status of the mind and the world in the Lotus Sutra. Through comparative study, I argue that the Confucian Analects and the Lotus Sutra contain two different versions of desire-based subjectivism (DBS). The difference is that Confucianism is an example of desire-based moral subjectivism (DBS-moral), and the Lotus Sutra demonstrates desire-based ontological subjectivism (DBS-ontological). Acknowledgements This research is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Research Funds of Renmin University of China, and supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET), Chinese Ministry of Education. The author thanks Gene Reeves for the International Seminar on Confucianism and Lotus Sutra 2011 in Japan, and his critical comments. Also thanks to Victor Mair, Xinzhong Yao, Jiang Wu, Joseph A. Adler, Miriam Levering, Vivian-Lee Nyitray, Robert Gimello, Deborah Sommer, Jason Clower, Joshua Mason, and James Garrison for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. Notes 1. There is a moral agent in Confucian subjectivism. Some argue that what I call ‘desire-based’ might be better rendered as ‘volition-based’. The ritual system in Confucianism can be understood as the objective form of the volition. 2. Reeves claims that under the influence of Tendai's ‘ontological egalitarianism’, in which ‘the abstract is more and no less real than the concrete’, medieval Japanese poets rejected all distinctions between the sacred and profane in favor of a ‘strong reaffirmation of the phenomena of the empirical world’ (Reeves, Citation2002, p. 177). 3. It is said in the ‘Sutra of Contemplation of the Dharma Practice of Universal Sage Bodhisattva’ that ‘How can they keep from losing their aspiration for unexcelled awakening? Without cutting off their afflictions and renouncing the five desires, how can they purify their sense organs and completely rid themselves of their sins?’ (Reeves, Citation2008, p. 401). 4. A Chinese idiom mamu buren 麻木不仁 means one does not have self-awareness about one's morally wrong behavior. 5. Analects 4.4: gou zhiyuren yi, wu e yi 苟志於仁矣,無惡矣. 6. Ames and Rosemont (Citation1999, p. 90). Analects 4.5: junzi wu zhongshi zhijian weiren, zaoci biyushi, dianpei biyushi 君子無終食之間違仁,造次必於是,顛沛必於是. 7. Malcolm David Eckel cites one of the lines of speculation that lead to the identification of the Buddha with Emptiness: the defining feature of the Buddha is the Buddha's awareness, the Buddha's awareness is Emptiness, and the Budda is equated with Emptiness. See Eckel (Citation2002, p. 63). 8. Buddha uses a lot of metaphors and fables to illustrate this point and create a world of imagination. Comparably, Confucian writings are not so imaginative. Wu Jiang (Citation2011) argues that it might partly be due to the Confucian philosophy of language which is based on the theory of ‘rectification of names’ (zhengming 正名), which implies a simplistic correspondence theory of meaning and truth, while the imaginative construction in the Lotus Sutra will definitely fail this verification test." @default.
- W1972371118 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1972371118 date "2011-11-01" @default.
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- W1972371118 title "Two Versions of Desire-based Subjectivism: A Comparative Study of the<i>Analects</i>and the<i>Lotus Sutra</i>" @default.
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- W1972371118 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2011.635895" @default.
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