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• W1973891503 abstract "An important delayed-fracture effect is found for mineral glass. A likely cause might be the gradual spread of Griffith cracks, but a theorem due to Griffith states that cracks do not spread below a certain average stress, and that at this stress they spread catastrophically. In the present paper, Griffith's theorem is re-examined and it is shown that in materials having atomic constitution, fracture does not occur catastrophically at the Griffith stress; the Griffith stress is the least at which a crack may start to spread by a process of splitting, and the rate of spread is controlled by the rate at which thermal motions overcome energy barriers. Catastrophic fracture does not occur until the stress at the end of the crack equals the maximum a material can withstand. An improved method of estimating this stress from thermal data is given. The best estimate is that the maximum stress is equal to the intensity of the given stress system which makes the latent heat of evaporation zero. The rate of spread of cracks by Griffith's process is considered to be too slow to account for much of the delayed-fracture effect in glass. Other processes are considered under the headings of approach to homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium. The attainment of homogeneous equilibrium under stress in materials in equilibrium when stress-free involves, in the absence of phase changes, but a small entropy change, and is not likely to cause an appreciable time effect. Glass, however, is not in thermal equilibrium when stress-free, the high temperature phase persisting at temperatures below the transition point. On account of the high internal viscosity of glass, approach to equilibrium effectively ceases soon after manufacture. Stress reduces the internal viscosity and enables approach to equilibrium to continue. Because of the concentration of stress at the ends of the cracks, the approach to equilibrium made possible by stress is much faster in the material at the ends of the cracks than elsewhere, and as attainment of equilibrium involves volume shrinkage, the stress at the end of the crack is increased and the crack spreads. This effect would be expected to cause an appreciable delayed fracture effect." @default.
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• W1973891503 date "1947-03-01" @default.
• W1973891503 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1973891503 title "Delayed fracture in glass" @default.
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• W1973891503 doi "https://doi.org/10.1088/0959-5309/59/2/302" @default.
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