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• W1974874516 abstract "Members of the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins contain a region of amino acid sequence (residues 122–134) that is absent from other Ras-like proteins and is termed the Rho insert region. To address the functional role of this domain, we have constructed a Cdc42Hs/Ras chimera in which loop 8 from Ha-Ras was substituted for the region in Cdc42Hs that contains the 13-amino acid insert region. Our data indicate that the insert region of Cdc42Hs is not essential for its interactions with various target/effector molecules or for interactions with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Dbl, or the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). However, the regulation of GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis on Cdc42Hs by the Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI) is extremely sensitive to changes in the insert region, such that a Cdc42Hs/Ha-Ras chimera that lacks this insert is no longer susceptible to a GDI-induced inhibition of GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis. The insensitivity to GDI activity is not due to the inability of the GDI molecule to bind to the Cdc42Hs/Ha-Ras chimera, and in fact, the GDI is fully capable of stimulating the release of this chimera from membranes. Members of the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins contain a region of amino acid sequence (residues 122–134) that is absent from other Ras-like proteins and is termed the Rho insert region. To address the functional role of this domain, we have constructed a Cdc42Hs/Ras chimera in which loop 8 from Ha-Ras was substituted for the region in Cdc42Hs that contains the 13-amino acid insert region. Our data indicate that the insert region of Cdc42Hs is not essential for its interactions with various target/effector molecules or for interactions with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Dbl, or the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). However, the regulation of GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis on Cdc42Hs by the Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI) is extremely sensitive to changes in the insert region, such that a Cdc42Hs/Ha-Ras chimera that lacks this insert is no longer susceptible to a GDI-induced inhibition of GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis. The insensitivity to GDI activity is not due to the inability of the GDI molecule to bind to the Cdc42Hs/Ha-Ras chimera, and in fact, the GDI is fully capable of stimulating the release of this chimera from membranes. A variety of biological signaling events are mediated through a number of GTP-binding proteins, which serve as molecular switches that transduce incoming signals to downstream targets. In particular, the Rho subfamily of GTP-binding proteins (which includes Cdc42Hs, Rac, and Rho) has received a great deal of attention in the past few years. These proteins were shown to be implicated in the signal transduction pathways of various external stimuli (e.g. platelet-derived growth factor, phorbol esters, bradykinin (1Hawkins P. Eguinoa A. Qiu R. Stokoe D. Cooke F. Walters R. Wennstrom S. Claesson-Welsh L. Evans T. Symons M. Stephens M. Curr. Biol. 1995; 5: 393-403Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (496) Google Scholar, 2Kozma R. Ahmed S. Best A. Lim L. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 1942-1952Crossref PubMed Scopus (883) Google Scholar)) and to be responsible for triggering a variety of cellular responses that influence cytoskeletal architecture, cell cycle progression, cell polarization, and cellular motility (e.g. see Refs. 3Lamarche N. Tapon N. Stowers L. Burbelo P.D. Aspenström P. Bridges T. Chant J. Hall A. Cell. 1996; 87: 519-529Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar, 4Olson M.E. Ashworth A. Hall A. Science. 1995; 269: 53-62Google Scholar, 5Stowers L. Yelon D. Berg L.J. Chant J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 5027-5031Crossref PubMed Scopus (345) Google Scholar). At present, two distinct types of signaling cascades, which are initiated by the activation of Rho subfamily GTP-binding proteins, have been delineated. One involves the stimulation of soluble serine/threonine kinases, designated the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) 1The abbreviations used are: PAK, p21-activated kinase; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonic acid; GMP-PNP, β:γ-imidoguanosine 5′-triphosphate; GTPγS, guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate. (6Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Zhao Z. Lim L. Nature. 1994; 367: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (1305) Google Scholar, 7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar) and culminates in the activation of the nuclear mitogen-activated protein kinases, the c-Jun kinase (JNK1) and p38 (7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar, 8Coso O.A. Chiariell M. Yu J.C. Teramoto H. Crespo P. Xu N. Miki T. Gutkind J.S. Cell. 1995; 81: 1137-1146Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1570) Google Scholar), in a manner reminiscent of the Ras-mediated Raf/Mek/Erk protein kinase cascade (9Buday L. Downward J. Cell. 1993; 73: 611-620Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (936) Google Scholar). A second and seemingly independent class of signaling events translates the activation of Rho subfamily GTP-binding proteins into cytoskeletal rearrangements (10Hall A. Science. 1990; 249: 635-640Crossref PubMed Scopus (676) Google Scholar). These events may involve both direct interactions between the GTP-binding proteins and cytoskeletal elements (e.g. the interaction between Rac1 and tubulin (11Best A. Ahmed S. Kozma R. Lim L. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 3756-3762Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar)) and interactions between the GTP-binding proteins and target molecules that serve to mediate effects on actin and myosin (e.g. WASP (12Aspenström P. Lindberg U. Hall A. Curr. Biol. 1996; 6: 70-75Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar), IQGAP (13Hart M. Callow M. Souza B. Polakis P. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 2997-3005Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar, 14McCallum S.J. Wu W.J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 21732-21737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar), and Rho kinase (15Amano M. Ito M. Kimura K. Fukata Y. Chihara K. Nakano T. Matsuura Y. Kaibuchi K. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 20246-20249Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1685) Google Scholar, 16Kimura K. Ito M. Amano M. Chihara K. Fukata Y. Nakafuku M. Yamamori B. Feng J. Nakano T. Okawa K. Iwamatsu A. Kaibuchi K. Science. 1996; 273: 245-248Crossref PubMed Scopus (2444) Google Scholar)). Activation and deactivation processes of signaling through Rho-like GTP-binding proteins are similar to those observed for other small GTP-binding proteins as well as for heterotrimeric G proteins. Thus, activation is achieved via GTP → GDP exchange (mediated by external factors, termed GEFs), and deactivation is mediated through GTP hydrolysis and further accelerated by interactions with regulators termed GAPs (17Cerione R.A. Zheng Y. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1996; 8: 205-215Crossref PubMed Scopus (466) Google Scholar). Unique to the Rho (and Rab) family members is the existence of a third type of regulator, called a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI). These proteins inhibit GDP dissociation as well as GTP hydrolysis (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 19Hart M.J. Maru Y. Leonard D. Witte O.N. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Science. 1992; 258: 812-815Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar). Additionally, they were shown to facilitate the release of the GTP-binding proteins from membranes (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), such that it is felt that virtually all of the cytosolic Rho subfamily GTP-binding proteins are complexed to GDIs (20Regazzi R. Kikuchi A. Takai Y. Wollheim C.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 17512-17519Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). While considerable advances have recently been made in the identification of the different biological activities mediated by Rho-like GTP-binding proteins, the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are still largely unknown. Rho family members share significant homology with other GTP-binding proteins both in amino acid sequence and in structural motifs (21Shinjo K. Koland J.G. Hart M.J. Narasimhan V. Johnson D.I. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87: 9853-9857Crossref PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar, 22Kaziro Y. Itoh H. Kozasa T. Nakafuku M. Satoh T. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1991; 60: 349-400Crossref PubMed Scopus (548) Google Scholar). Thus, all GTP- binding proteins seem to share a common structural unit (exemplified by the structure of Ras), which is responsible for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, accompanied by regions of specific effector/regulator interactions. For example, the switch 1 and 2 regions (residues 32–45 and 60–70, respectively), which show dramatic changes upon the transitions between the GTP- and GDP-bound states, are highly conserved among all of the small GTP-binding proteins, thus pointing to common mechanisms for target/effector and regulatory protein interactions that are supplemented by residues that ensure specificity. However, one clear deviation from the common folding motifs of small GTP-binding proteins is a 13-amino acid insertion, unique to the Rho subfamily proteins. In this report, we study the functional role of this insert region in Cdc42Hs and show that it is essential for the regulation of guanine nucleotide exchange by the RhoGDI. The ΔL8-Cdc42Hs mutant contains a short sequence of loop 8 of Ha-Ras (121AARTVES127) in place of the insert region of Cdc42Hs (residues 120–139); its construction was described earlier (14McCallum S.J. Wu W.J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 21732-21737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar). The activated (GTPase-defective) version of this mutant was produced by an otherwise identical procedure, except for the template DNA, which was Cdc42Hs (Q61L) in pET15b. CAAX-Ras is a replacement mutation of c-Ha-Ras in which the COOH-terminal 19 residues (171LNPPDESGPGCMSCKCVLS189) of Ras are replaced by the eight COOH-terminal residues of Cdc42Hs, (184KSRRCVLL191). The CAAX-Ras construct was prepared by the polymerase chain reaction using a pET15b upstream primer (sense, 5′-CTA TAG GGG AAT TGT GAG CGG-3′), c-Ha-Ras in pET15b as a template, and a downstream primer encoding the eight COOH-terminal amino acids of Cdc42Hs (antisense, 5′-GTC GAC GAA TTC TCA TAG CAG CAC ACA CCT GCG GCT CTT TTT CCG CAG TTT ATG CTG CCG-3′). FC-Ras is a replacement mutation in c-Ha-Ras in which the carboxyl terminus is replaced with that of Cdc42Hs (identical to CAAX-Ras described above) and loop 8 of Ras (residues 121–127) is replaced with the Rho insert region (residues 120–139 from Cdc42Hs). This construct was generated using an overlapping polymerase chain reaction, with CAAX-Ras (see above) as a template, external pET15b vector primers (sense 5′-CTA TAG GGG AAT TGT GAG CGG-3′; antisense, 5′-GCC ACC TGA CTT CTA AGA AAC C-3′), and two internal primers (sense, 5′-GAG AAG CTT GCC AAG AAC AAA CAG AAG CCT ATC ACT CCA CGG CAG GCC CAG GAC CTT GCT-3′; antisense 5′-GTT CTT GGC AAG CTT CTC AAT AGT AGA GGG GTC ATC TCT CAG GTC ACA CTT GTT GCC CAC-3′). All polymerase chain reaction-derived constructs were sequenced in the final expression vector (pET15b). Histidine-tagged Cdc42Hs (and its mutants) were produced in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni2+affinity chromatography followed by thrombin proteolysis of the tag and further purification on Q Sepharose (27Leonard D.A. Sartoskar R. Wu J.W. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1173-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). Cloning of wild type and ΔL8 Cdc42Hs into the insect cell baculovirus vector was achieved using the restriction sites XbaI and BamHI in pET15b, purification of the ∼800-kilobase pair fragment (which includes the hexahistidine tag), and ligation into the insect cell transfer vector pVL1392 digested with the same enzymes. Cloning of CAAX-Ras and FC-Ras into pVL1392 was achieved similarly using the enzymes BglII and EcoRI. Recombinant virus was produced and used for infection of Sf21 insect cells according to the manufacturer's instructions (PharMingen, San Diego, CA). Frozen insect cells pellets were lysed by Dounce homogenization in 20 mm Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 6 mm EDTA, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 10 μm GDP, 1 mm NaN3, 0.5 mmphenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and 25 μg/ml (each) of leupeptin and aprotonin, followed by low speed centrifugation (10 min, 1, 500 rpm, 4 °C, IEC CRU-5000 centrifuge) to remove cell debris. The membrane fraction was then pelleted (12,000 rpm, Beckman JA20 rotor, 20 min), washed twice in resuspension buffer (20 mm Tris (pH 8.0), 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 1 mmNaN3, 100 mm NaCl, 3.75 mmMgCl2, 10 μm GDP, and 1 μg/ml leupeptin and aprotonin), and solubilized in the same buffer supplemented with 0.4% (w/v) CHAPS. The solubilized membranes were then cleared by centrifugation and loaded onto a Ni2+-diaminoacetic acid-agarose column (1 ml) equilibrated with 20 mm Tris, pH 8.0, 0.5 m NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, 1 mmNaN3, 1 μg/ml aprotonin and leupeptin, 0.1% CHAPS, and 5 mm imidazole. After extensive washing with 20 mm Tris (pH 8.0), 0.1% CHAPS, 40 mm imidazole, 0.5 m NaCl, and 1 μg/ml aprotonin and leupeptin, the protein was eluted using the same buffer supplemented with 0.3m NaCl and 200 mm imidazole. GST-RhoGDI was expressed in E. coli and purified using glutathione-agarose as described earlier (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Recombinant Cdc42-GAP and Dbl proteins were prepared as outlined by Leonard et al.(23Leonard D.A. Evans T. Hart M. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 12323-12328Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar). Mammalian cell culture, transient transfections, immunoprecipitations, and PAK activity assays were described earlier (7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar). Dissociation and hydrolysis assays with radioactive nucleotides were done as described earlier (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Antibodies directed against IQGAP and also the recombinant (insect cell-produced) GRD domain of IQGAP were generous gifts of Dr. M. Hart (Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA). Amino acid sequence alignment of the various Rho subtype proteins with Ha-Ras and other members of the Ras subfamily indicates the presence of an ∼20-amino acid “insert,” which is unique to Cdc42Hs, Rac, Rho, and other members of the Rho subfamily (24Freeman J.L. Abo A. Lambeth D.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 19794-19801Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar, 25Sutcliff M. Feltham J. Cerione R. Oswald R. Protein Pept. Lett. 1995; 1: 84-91Google Scholar). In the recently described x-ray crystallographic structure of Rac1 bound to GMP-PNP, this insert region was shown to form a separate (mostly helical) structural element attached to a Ras-like GTPase core (26Hirshberg M. Stockley R.W. Dodson G. Webb M.R. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1997; 4: 147-151Crossref PubMed Scopus (191) Google Scholar). Since the biological activities and the molecular interactions of members of the Rho subfamily are significantly different from those of Ras and since the insert is unique to all Rho proteins, we have investigated the role of this region in Cdc42Hs by constructing a chimeric mutant (designated here as ΔL8) in which the “Rho insert” region of Cdc42Hs (residues 120–139) is replaced by a short sequence from loop 8 in Ha-Ras (residues 121–127). The amino acid sequence alignment of Ha-Ras and Cdc42Hs in this region as well as the corresponding region in the chimeric ΔL8 mutant are shown in Fig.1. The protein can be expressed inE. coli as well as in Sf21 insect cells as a hexahistidine-tagged fusion protein and purified using minor alterations to our previously described protocols (23Leonard D.A. Evans T. Hart M. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 12323-12328Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar, 27Leonard D.A. Sartoskar R. Wu J.W. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1173-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). It has become increasingly clear in the past few years that the activation of Rho subfamily GTP-binding proteins leads to the stimulation of multiple target/effector molecules, resulting in divergent phenotypic responses. One established signaling cascade involves the direct interaction of GTP-bound Cdc42Hs (or Rac1) with members of the PAK family of soluble serine/threonine kinases (6Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Zhao Z. Lim L. Nature. 1994; 367: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (1305) Google Scholar, 7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar). To test the role of the Rho insert in PAK activation, we have directly assayed the ability of the recombinant ΔL8 mutant of Cdc42Hs to activate the auto- and exophosphorylating activity of mPAK-3 in vitro. In these studies, mPAK-3 was first transiently expressed in COS-7 cells and then immunoprecipitated using a hemagglutinin tag (7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar) and incubated with either the wild-type Cdc42Hs or the ΔL8 protein (complexed with either GTPγS or GDP) in the presence of MgCl2, [γ-32P]ATP, and the phosphorylation substrate myelin basic protein. Following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualization of the phosphorylated products by autoradiography, it was evident that the activation of mPAK-3 by either wild-type Cdc42Hs or ΔL8 was essentially identical, thus ruling out the participation of the insert region of Cdc42Hs in the binding or activation of this target (Fig.2). It is now apparent that mPAK-3 is only one of a large number of proteins that represent putative targets for Cdc42Hs and Rac and possess a homologous domain that mediates their interaction with the GTP-binding proteins, designated the PBD (p21-binding domain; Ref. 6Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Zhao Z. Lim L. Nature. 1994; 367: 40-46Crossref PubMed Scopus (1305) Google Scholar) or CRIB motif (Cdc42- and Rac-interacting binding motif; Ref. 28Burbelo P.D. Drechsel D. Hall A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 29071-29074Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (559) Google Scholar). Indeed, we have directly compared the binding of the wild-type GST-Cdc42Hs fusion protein and the GST-ΔL8 fusion protein with the CRIB domain-containing targets ACK (for activated-Cdc42 kinase; Ref.29Manser E. Leung T. Salihuddin H. Tan L. Lim L. Nature. 1993; 363: 364-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar) and WASP (for Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein; Ref. 30Symons M. Derry J. Karlak B. Jiang S. Lemahieu V. McCormick F. Francke U. Abo A. Cell. 1996; 84: 723-734Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (749) Google Scholar) as assessed by their co-precipitation following the addition of glutathione-agarose. The results of these studies verified that the absence of the insert region in the ΔL8 mutant does not affect the association of Cdc42Hs with either of these putative target molecules (data not shown). Two recently identified targets for Cdc42Hs represent the two isoforms of IQGAP, a ubiquitous 190-kDa protein that shares homology with the RasGAP and contains a number of potential signaling motifs including the IQ/calmodulin-binding domain and a calponin homology domain (13Hart M. Callow M. Souza B. Polakis P. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 2997-3005Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar,14McCallum S.J. Wu W.J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 21732-21737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar, 31Weissbach L. Settleman J. Kalady M.F. Snijders A.J. Murthy A.E. Yan Y.-X. Bernards A. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20517-20521Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Given the striking morphological changes associated with Cdc42Hs activation (3Lamarche N. Tapon N. Stowers L. Burbelo P.D. Aspenström P. Bridges T. Chant J. Hall A. Cell. 1996; 87: 519-529Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar) and the fact that the IQGAPs contain an actin-binding (i.e. calponin homology) domain and localize to the actin cytoskeleton (13Hart M. Callow M. Souza B. Polakis P. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 2997-3005Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar), it seems likely that the IQGAP proteins will play a critical role in translating Cdc42Hs signaling events into cytoskeletal rearrangements. To test whether the Rho insert region of Cdc42Hs participates in mediating this interaction, we have constructed a double mutant that contains both the Rho insert ΔL8 mutation and an activating mutation Q61L, which renders Cdc42Hs GTPase-defective (27Leonard D.A. Sartoskar R. Wu J.W. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1173-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). This Cdc42Hs-Q61L/ΔL8 mutant was cloned into the mammalian hemagglutinin-tagged expression vector pKH3 and transiently transfected into cultured COS-7 cells. Anti-hemagglutinin (7Bagrodia S. Taylor S.J. Creasy C.L. Chernoff J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22731-22737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar) antibodies were then used to immunoprecipitate the expressed protein, and the association of endogenous IQGAP with the precipitated Cdc42Hs was assayed by Western blotting with an anti-IQGAP antibody. These experiments showed that the ΔL8 protein was capable of associating with IQGAP in vivo (data not shown). To further quantitate this interaction, we have compared the binding of wild-type Cdc42Hs and the Cdc42Hs-ΔL8 protein with the carboxyl-terminal (97-kDa) half of the IQGAP1 molecule that contains the Cdc42Hs-binding site (also termed GRD (13Hart M. Callow M. Souza B. Polakis P. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 2997-3005Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar)) using a fluorescence spectroscopic assay that monitors the quenching of a reporter group attached to Cdc42Hs (32Nomanbhoy T. Leonard D.A. Manor D. Cerione R.A. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 4602-4608Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar). We found that the Cdc42Hs-ΔL8 bound the GRD with a 2–3-fold weaker affinity, compared with the binding exhibited by wild-type Cdc42Hs. 2T. Nomanbhoy and R. Cerione, unpublished observation. These results were consistent with earlier reports of a weakened affinity between the ΔL8 protein and IQGAP1 based on competition experiments (14McCallum S.J. Wu W.J. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 21732-21737Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar). Thus, while the insert region is not essential for IQGAP binding to Cdc42Hs, it may influence the overall binding affinity for the interaction as well as potentially influence Cdc42Hs-induced changes in IQGAP tertiary structure that may play an important role in signaling. Two different families of proteins have been identified that regulate the activation and deactivation of Cdc42Hs. One family of regulators are the GEFs, which promote the activation of GTP-binding proteins by stimulating GTP ↔ GDP exchange. Members of the Dbl family of oncoproteins have been shown to be the physiological activators of the Rho family GTP-binding proteins. The prototype for this family is the Dbl oncoprotein which was shown to act as a GEF for Cdc42Hs and RhoA in vitro (33Hart M.J. Eva A. Evans T. Aaronson S.A. Cerione R.A. Nature. 1991; 354: 311-314Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar, 17Cerione R.A. Zheng Y. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1996; 8: 205-215Crossref PubMed Scopus (466) Google Scholar). A second class of regulators, the GAPs, stimulate the intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis by Rho subfamily proteins (thereby accelerating their deactivation) and represent a relatively large family for which the Cdc42-GAP is a prototype (34Barfod E.T. Zheng Y. Kuang W.J. Hart M.J. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Ashkenazi A. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 26059-26062Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). To assess the role of the insert region in the stimulation of GTP-GDP exchange by GEFs, we compared the abilities of the wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 protein to undergo Dbl-stimulated nucleotide exchange (33Hart M.J. Eva A. Evans T. Aaronson S.A. Cerione R.A. Nature. 1991; 354: 311-314Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar, 35Hart M.J. Eva A. Zangrilli D. Aaronson S.A. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Zheng Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 62-65Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The Cdc42Hs proteins were complexed with [3H]GDP and incubated in the presence of unlabeled GDP, and then the amount of protein-bound radioactivity was measured at various time points following the addition of the recombinant oncogenic Dbl protein. We found that the Dbl-induced nucleotide dissociation was essentially identical in both wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 protein, thereby eliminating the possibility of a critical role for the insert region in the functional interaction between Cdc42Hs and its GEF (see Table I).Table IGTP hydrolysis and guanine nucleotide exchange rates for wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 proteint 1/2 for Dbl-induced GDP exchange1-aHalf-life values for the nucleotide exchange reaction were obtained by measuring the protein-bound radioactivity remaining at different times after the Dbl addition and fitting those data to a single exponential process.Intrinsic GTPase1-bIntrinsic velocity represents the slope of the tryptophan fluorescence change in the first 20 s after the Mg2+addition [see Ref. 23].GAP sensitivity1-cFor GAP sensitivity experiments, the slope (for the tryptophan fluorescence change) was measured in the presence of five different GAP concentrations (5–40 nm), and a specific activity curve (velocity versus [GAP]) was constructed, the slope of which is reported here.mins −1s −1 nm GAP −1Wild type1.453.6 × 10−67.4 × 10−3ΔL81.381.07 × 10−68.2 × 10−3Hydrolysis rates were measured by monitoring the time-dependent increase in tryptophan fluorescence following EDTA loading with GTP as described by Leonard et al. (27Leonard D.A. Sartoskar R. Wu J.W. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1173-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). Reactions were initiated by the addition of 5 mm MgCl2, followed by the addition of catalytic amounts of the Cdc42GAP. Nucleotide exchange was measured by loading the protein with [3H]GDP and measuring protein-bound radioactivity using the nitrocellulose filtration assay.1-a Half-life values for the nucleotide exchange reaction were obtained by measuring the protein-bound radioactivity remaining at different times after the Dbl addition and fitting those data to a single exponential process.1-b Intrinsic velocity represents the slope of the tryptophan fluorescence change in the first 20 s after the Mg2+addition [see Ref. 23Leonard D.A. Evans T. Hart M. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 12323-12328Crossref PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar].1-c For GAP sensitivity experiments, the slope (for the tryptophan fluorescence change) was measured in the presence of five different GAP concentrations (5–40 nm), and a specific activity curve (velocity versus [GAP]) was constructed, the slope of which is reported here. Open table in a new tab Hydrolysis rates were measured by monitoring the time-dependent increase in tryptophan fluorescence following EDTA loading with GTP as described by Leonard et al. (27Leonard D.A. Sartoskar R. Wu J.W. Cerione R.A. Manor D. Biochemistry. 1997; 36: 1173-1180Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). Reactions were initiated by the addition of 5 mm MgCl2, followed by the addition of catalytic amounts of the Cdc42GAP. Nucleotide exchange was measured by loading the protein with [3H]GDP and measuring protein-bound radioactivity using the nitrocellulose filtration assay. To determine whether the Rho insert region is required for GTP hydrolysis by Cdc42Hs, we have utilized a fluorescence assay based on the nucleotide-sensitive fluorescence emission from the single tryptophan in the Cdc42Hs protein (Trp97; Ref. 21Shinjo K. Koland J.G. Hart M.J. Narasimhan V. Johnson D.I. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87: 9853-9857Crossref PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar). Also shown in Table I are the rates of GTP hydrolysis measured for wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 proteins, in the presence and absence of the Cdc42-GAP. These data show that the removal of the insert region from Cdc42Hs has no effect on either the intrinsic GTP hydrolytic activity or the GAP-stimulated activity. The RhoGDI proteins were originally purified as an activity that inhibited GDP dissociation from the Rho, Rac, and Cdc42Hs proteins (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 36Ueda T. Kikuchi A. Ohga N. Yamamoto J. Takai Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 9373-9380Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Additionally, GDI proteins were shown to cause the release of post-translationally modified Rho subfamily proteins from their membrane location to the soluble fraction (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Since RhoGDI does not exhibit any of these effects on E. coli-expressed GTP-binding proteins, it was assumed that the geranyl-geranylation of Cdc42Hs (or Rac or RhoA) at its carboxyl-terminal CAAX motif was required for interactions with the GDI. However, at present little is known regarding the specific mode of binding that occurs between the GDI and Cdc42 (or related GTP-binding proteins) and whether other regions, aside from the carboxyl-terminal domains of the GTP-binding proteins, are necessary for these interactions. In these studies, we have used insect cell baculovirus expression systems to obtain modified, membrane-bound wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 protein and compared their abilities to functionally couple to the RhoGDI. We first tested the ability of the RhoGDI to release the ΔL8 and wild-type Cdc42Hs proteins from insect cell membrane preparations. In this assay, isolated insect cell membranes, containing post-translationally modified Cdc42Hs, were incubated with the GST-RhoGDI fusion protein. Membrane-bound (pellet) and soluble (supernatant) fractions were then separated using high speed centrifugation, and the respective fractions were resolved on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. As shown in Fig. 3, in the absence of RhoGDI, all of the Cdc42Hs protein remains associated with the membrane pellet, whereas in the presence of GDI, a significant portion of Cdc42Hs is extracted to the soluble supernatant. It is clear from Fig. 3 that the ΔL8 mutant behaves in an identical manner to wild-type Cdc42Hs in this assay. Thus, removal of the surface loop formed by residues 120–134 did not impair the ability of the GDI to mediate the release of Cdc42Hs from membrane fractions. These results then indicate that the GDI regulatory protein can both bind to the ΔL8 protein and induce the necessary conformational changes within the GTP-binding protein to cause its dissociation from membranes. We then tested whether the RhoGDI was able to influence guanine nucleotide binding to the ΔL8 protein. For this purpose, purified insect cell-expressed wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 protein were first complexed with 3H-labeled GDP and then diluted into a buffer containing 7 mm EDTA and excess unlabeled GDP (18Leonard D. Hart M.J. Platko J.V. Eva A. Henzel W. Evans T. Cerione R.A. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 22860-22868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar,19Hart M.J. Maru Y. Leonard D. Witte O.N. Evans T. Cerione R.A. Science. 1992; 258: 812-815Crossref PubMed Scopus (122) Google Scholar). Aliquots were then taken at different time points, and the amount of protein-bound radioactive nucleotide was measured by filtration and scintillation counting. As shown in Fig.4 A, in the absence of GDI, the bound (radioactive) nucleotide was rapidly replaced by unlabeled GDP (t½ = 1.6 min), whereas preincubation of Cdc42Hs with RhoGDI greatly inhibited GDP dissociation from the wild-type protein (t½ = 12.2 min). However, surprisingly, the GDI was not able to inhibit GDP dissociation from the ΔL8 protein. The [3H]GDP bound to ΔL8 was displaced rapidly (t½ < 1 min), even when the GTP-binding protein was incubated with a significant (20-fold) excess of RhoGDI. We have consistently found that EDTA-induced nucleotide dissociation is more rapid from the ΔL8 mutant protein then from wild-type Cdc42Hs (by ∼1.5-fold; see Fig. 4). Presumably, in the absence of Mg2+ ions, the insert region contributes to the binding of GDP, and therefore, nucleotide dissociation is more rapid upon deletion of this domain. During the initial characterization of RhoGDI, it was shown that the membrane-releasing activity was not influenced by the nature of the nucleotide bound to Cdc42Hs. On the other hand, inhibition of nucleotide dissociation was preferentially observed with GDP-bound Cdc42Hs. However, complex formation between Cdc42Hs·GTP and RhoGDI markedly inhibited GTP hydrolysis by Cdc42Hs (both intrinsic and GAP-stimulated activity). We have tested whether the presence of RhoGDI affects GTP hydrolysis by the ΔL8 protein. Purified, insect cell-expressed wild-type and ΔL8 proteins were complexed to [γ-32P]GTP, and the GTPase reaction was initiated by the addition of MgCl2 in the presence or absence of RhoGDI. As seen in Fig. 5 A, the GTPase activity of the wild-type Cdc42Hs protein was markedly inhibited by RhoGDI. With the ΔL8 protein (Fig. 5 B), however, no inhibition of the GTP hydrolytic reaction occurred, even when a large excess of RhoGDI was added. Given the marked effect of the ΔL8 mutation on the functional coupling of Cdc42Hs to RhoGDI, we were interested in assessing the contribution of the insert region to the overall binding interaction between the two proteins. Toward this end, we have estimated the relative efficiency of the wild-type and ΔL8 Cdc42Hs proteins in competing the functional assay shown in Fig. 4. The results of this experiment are shown in Fig. 6. Both wild-type Cdc42Hs and the ΔL8 protein show the same dose-dependent competition for RhoGDI (i.e. the concentration for 50% competition was ∼2 μm). Thus, we conclude that the Cdc42Hs(ΔL8) exhibits an essentially identical affinity toward the RhoGDI as the wild-type protein. Taken together, our results clearly show that the Rho insert region does not serve as an essential motif for binding a variety of Cdc42Hs targets, nor for the functional interactions of either the GEF (Dbl) or the Cdc42-GAP. However, it does play a critical role in the ability of the RhoGDI to influence nucleotide exchange and inhibit GDP dissociation. Thus, to our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of a regulatory role for the Rho insert region. In the related Rac1 protein, substitution and deletion mutations within the insert region (residues 124–135) were shown to result in the loss of productive interactions between the GTP-binding protein and the Rac-specific target, the NADPH oxidase (24Freeman J.L. Abo A. Lambeth D.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 19794-19801Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (132) Google Scholar). It was not reported whether these mutants of Rac were also defective in their interactions with GDI, but given the high degree of sequence homology between the two proteins in the insert region (70% identity), it is likely that GDI-induced inhibition of nucleotide exchange will occur in Rac (and RhoA) as well." @default.
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• W1974874516 title "Interaction between Cdc42Hs and RhoGDI Is Mediated through the Rho Insert Region" @default.
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