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• W1977385412 abstract "We identified a novel cDNA related to that of transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) during the course of isolation and characterization of cDNAs, whose mRNAs are preferentially expressed in the mouse neural precursor cells. The putative polypeptide, termed embryonic TEA domain-containing factor (ETF), deduced from the nucleotide sequence contains 445 amino acids and shares 66% amino acid identity with mouse and human TEF-1 proteins. The primary structure of the TEA domain, a probable DNA-binding domain, and the specific DNA binding activity to the GT-IIC motif of ETF are indistinguishable from those of the known vertebrate TEF-1 proteins. However, the expression of the ETF gene is strictly regulated in developing embryos and is limited to certain tissues, such as the hindbrain of a 10-day-old mouse embryo, in contrast to the ubiquitous expression pattern of the TEF-1 gene. These results suggest that ETF is a novel mammalian member of the TEA domain-containing transcription factor family and may be involved in the gene regulation of the neural development. We have discussed the possible existence of multiple subtypes of the mammalian TEF-1 family proteins, which may play different roles in cellular and developmental gene regulation. We identified a novel cDNA related to that of transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) during the course of isolation and characterization of cDNAs, whose mRNAs are preferentially expressed in the mouse neural precursor cells. The putative polypeptide, termed embryonic TEA domain-containing factor (ETF), deduced from the nucleotide sequence contains 445 amino acids and shares 66% amino acid identity with mouse and human TEF-1 proteins. The primary structure of the TEA domain, a probable DNA-binding domain, and the specific DNA binding activity to the GT-IIC motif of ETF are indistinguishable from those of the known vertebrate TEF-1 proteins. However, the expression of the ETF gene is strictly regulated in developing embryos and is limited to certain tissues, such as the hindbrain of a 10-day-old mouse embryo, in contrast to the ubiquitous expression pattern of the TEF-1 gene. These results suggest that ETF is a novel mammalian member of the TEA domain-containing transcription factor family and may be involved in the gene regulation of the neural development. We have discussed the possible existence of multiple subtypes of the mammalian TEF-1 family proteins, which may play different roles in cellular and developmental gene regulation. INTRODUCTIONIn mammals, relatively simple neuroepithelial cells develop into various types of neural and glial cells through multiple steps of cell division and differentiation to form a highly organized complex structure of the central nervous system. As an initial approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the early stage of neuronal development, we isolated and characterized cDNAs whose mRNAs are preferentially expressed in the neural precursor cells (NPC) 1The abbreviations used are: NPCneural precursor cellsTEF-1transcriptional enhancer factor-1ETFembryonic TEA domain-containing factorbpbase pair(s). of 10-day-old mouse embryos by using the method of subtraction and differential hybridization. During the course of these studies, we identified a novel cDNA, which exhibits a significant sequence similarity to transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) cDNAs(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar, 2Blatt C. DePamphilis M.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 747-748Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Transcription factors play a crucial role in determining spatial and temporal patterns of gene expressions during embryonic development. TEF-1 is a transcriptional activator initially isolated from human HeLa cells and binds specifically to the GT-IIC and Sph motifs in the SV40 enhancer sequence(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar). TEF-1 belongs to a family of transcription factors that share a common DNA-binding motif, the TEA domain, in the amino-terminal regions of these proteins(5Brglin T.R. Cell. 1991; 66: 11-12Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). Among these, TEC1 of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in transcriptional activation of the transposon Ty1 element (6Laloux I. Dubois E. Dewerchin M. Jacobs E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 3541-3550Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar), AbaA of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans regulates development of the asexual spores(7Mirabito P.M. Adams T.H. Timberlake W.E. Cell. 1989; 57: 859-868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar), scalloped (sd) of Drosophila controls differentiation of the sensory neuronal organs(8Campbell S.D. Inamdar M. Rodrigues V. Raghavan V. Palazollo M. Chovnick A. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 367-379Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar), while the mouse and chicken TEF-1 homologues have been implicated in cardiogenesis and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression(3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Chen Z. Friedrich G.A. Soriano P. Genes & Dev. 1994; 8: 2293-2301Crossref PubMed Scopus (259) Google Scholar). Therefore, the TEA domain-containing proteins may play important roles in developmental gene regulation among a wide variety of species.In this study, we report the molecular cloning and analysis of a novel mouse TEA domain-containing protein, ETF. ETF specifically binds to the GT-IIC motif as observed for TEF-1. However, it is distinct from TEF-1 in the primary structure, the timing of gene expression, and the tissue distribution. Thus, ETF is a novel mammalian member of a TEA domain-containing protein family. Furthermore, ETF mRNA is developmentally regulated and is predominantly expressed in the hindbrain region of a 10-day-old mouse embryo, suggesting that ETF may be involved in the gene regulation of neural development.DISCUSSIONIn the present study, we described the molecular characterization of the novel TEA domain-containing factor, ETF. ETF is structurally related to but distinct from the vertebrate TEF-1 proteins and their Drosophila homologue, scalloped. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal expression patterns and the sizes of the mRNAs of the ETF gene are different from those of the TEF-1 gene. TEF-1 is ubiquitously expressed by both embryos and adults except for cells of hematopoietic lineage(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar, 2Blatt C. DePamphilis M.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 747-748Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar). By contrast, the expression of the ETF gene is mostly embryonic and is strictly controlled in a developmental manner. The distribution of ETF mRNA is also limited to certain tissues, such as the hindbrain of 10-day-old embryos, cerebellum and testis of postnatal 7-day-old mice, as well as neural precursor cells but is barely detectable in any adult tissue. The expression pattern of ETF mRNA appears to overlap partly but not coincide with those of a large number of transcription factors and cell signaling molecules known to be expressed in the developing mouse hindbrain(24Wilkinson D.G. BioEssays. 1993; 15: 499-505Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar), although further studies on the spatial, temporal, and cellular expression of ETF are required for more detailed comparison. Thus, these characteristic features indicate that ETF belongs to a novel subtype of the mammalian TEA domain-containing transcription factors, which may play a role in neural development, although its transcriptional activity and physiological function remain to be determined.The primary structure of the TEA domain and the specific DNA binding activity of ETF are indistinguishable from those of other vertebrate TEF-1 proteins. However, the cotransfection experiments with ETF have so far failed to detect any obvious effects on the expression of the GT-IIC-containing reporter gene. Lack of transcriptional activity may reflect lack of expression of T7 tag-ETF protein in HeLa cells. However, we believe this is not likely because our preliminary Western blotting experiments with T7•Tag antibody suggest the presence of a product of ~55 kDa in HeLa cells transfected with T7 tag-ETF DNA, the size of which is similar to that of in vitro synthesized T7 tag-ETF protein (data not shown). However, these results need further confirmation with purified ETF protein and its specific antisera. On the other hand, the transcriptional activation and interference of TEF-1 requires cooperative function of the following three interdependent regions: the acidic NH2-terminal, proline-rich middle, and COOH-terminal regions(22Hwang J.-J. Chambon P. Davidson I. EMBO J. 1993; 12: 2337-2348Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). The amino acid sequences of the two proteins are highly conserved in the COOH-terminal region but diverge in the NH2-terminal and middle portions except for their acidic and proline-rich nature, respectively. In the case of the two alternatively spliced isoforms of chicken TEF-1, TEF-1A, and TEF-1B, the 13-amino acid exon in the middle portion encoded only by the latter is shown to be responsible for the transactivation function exhibited by TEF-1B but not by TEF-1A(4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Furthermore, Oct-1 and Oct-2, the homeobox-containing transcription factors, differ in their activation potentials mainly due to differences in their activation domains even though they bind to the same DNA sequence(25Tanaka M. Herr W. Cell. 1990; 60: 375-386Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (517) Google Scholar). Thus, the differences in the transcriptional activities of TEF-1 and ETF may also be ascribed to differences in activation domains, which may selectively interact with distinct auxiliary proteins, such as a transcriptional intermediary factor(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar). On the other hand, the TEA domain does not seem to be the sole determinant of the DNA binding specificity of TEF-1(22Hwang J.-J. Chambon P. Davidson I. EMBO J. 1993; 12: 2337-2348Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). Therefore, it is also plausible that differences in other regions that contribute to the sequence-specific DNA binding may cause a subtle change in the binding affinity of ETF to the GT-IIC motif, resulting in the apparent lack of effect observed for the cotransfection assay with HeLa cells containing endogenous TEF-1. The transcriptional activity of ETF needs to be explored further by using different cells and chimeric constructs of ETF and different transcription factors, such as TEF-1 and yeast GAL4.Until recently, TEF-1 was the only known TEA domain-containing protein in mammals. However, the present results clearly demonstrate that at least two distinct subtypes of TEF-1 proteins exist in mammals. Although the chicken TEF-1 is thought to be a homologue of mammalian TEF-1, several lines of evidence support the notion that the chicken TEF-1 may belong to a distinct subtype different from those of mammalian TEF-1 and ETF. First, the similarity between chicken and mammalian TEF-1 (76% identity) is much lower than that observed between mouse and human TEF-1 (99% identity). Second, the tissue distribution of chicken TEF-1 mRNA showed enrichment in cardiac and skeletal muscles but substantially reduced or barely detectable levels in liver and brain, respectively(4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), in contrast to the ubiquitous expression pattern of TEF-1 mRNA(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar, 2Blatt C. DePamphilis M.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 747-748Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar). Third, the 172-bp insert of EST 683 human cDNA clone 32B5 (GenBank accession No. T25108), which was obtained by systemic sequencing of a colorectal cancer cDNA library (26Frigerio J.-M. Berthzne P. Garrido P. Ortiz E. Barthellemy S. Vasseur S. Sastre B. Seleznieff I. Dagorn J.-C. Iovanna J.L. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1995; 4: 37-43Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar), showed the highest similarity (79% identity) to the sequence of chicken TEF-1 cDNA in the GenBank data base (data not shown). Moreover, 52 out of the 56 amino acids, potentially encoded by the largest open reading frame of the same DNA sequence, coincided with the corresponding sequence from Arg259 to Pro314 of chicken TEF-1 protein in Fig. 2. The degree of similarity (93% identity) between these two proteins is comparable to that observed for human and mouse TEF-1 comparison, further indicating the presence of a distinct mammalian isotype of chicken TEF-1. In addition, we have recently isolated another mouse cDNA related to TEF-1 but distinct from all of the above mentioned cDNAs by using a polymerase chain reaction procedure with mixed oligonucleotides primed amplification of cDNA (MOPAC). 2M. Yasunami, K. Suzuki, and H. Ohkubo, unpublished observations. All of these findings strongly suggest the existence of multiple subtypes of a TEA domain-containing transcription factor family in mammals, which may play different roles in regulating cellular and developmental gene expression.Finally, identification and characterization of cellular target gene(s) of ETF and analysis of ETF function in vivo by gene disruption in embryonic stem cells should help define the role of this molecule in mammalian development. INTRODUCTIONIn mammals, relatively simple neuroepithelial cells develop into various types of neural and glial cells through multiple steps of cell division and differentiation to form a highly organized complex structure of the central nervous system. As an initial approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the early stage of neuronal development, we isolated and characterized cDNAs whose mRNAs are preferentially expressed in the neural precursor cells (NPC) 1The abbreviations used are: NPCneural precursor cellsTEF-1transcriptional enhancer factor-1ETFembryonic TEA domain-containing factorbpbase pair(s). of 10-day-old mouse embryos by using the method of subtraction and differential hybridization. During the course of these studies, we identified a novel cDNA, which exhibits a significant sequence similarity to transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) cDNAs(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar, 2Blatt C. DePamphilis M.L. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 747-748Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Transcription factors play a crucial role in determining spatial and temporal patterns of gene expressions during embryonic development. TEF-1 is a transcriptional activator initially isolated from human HeLa cells and binds specifically to the GT-IIC and Sph motifs in the SV40 enhancer sequence(1Xiao J.H. Davidson I. Matthes H. Garnier J.-M. Chambon P. Cell. 1991; 65: 551-568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (301) Google Scholar). TEF-1 belongs to a family of transcription factors that share a common DNA-binding motif, the TEA domain, in the amino-terminal regions of these proteins(5Brglin T.R. Cell. 1991; 66: 11-12Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). Among these, TEC1 of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in transcriptional activation of the transposon Ty1 element (6Laloux I. Dubois E. Dewerchin M. Jacobs E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 3541-3550Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar), AbaA of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans regulates development of the asexual spores(7Mirabito P.M. Adams T.H. Timberlake W.E. Cell. 1989; 57: 859-868Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (188) Google Scholar), scalloped (sd) of Drosophila controls differentiation of the sensory neuronal organs(8Campbell S.D. Inamdar M. Rodrigues V. Raghavan V. Palazollo M. Chovnick A. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 367-379Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar), while the mouse and chicken TEF-1 homologues have been implicated in cardiogenesis and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression(3Shimizu N. Smith G. Izumo S. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4103-4110Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Stewart A.F.R. Larkin S.B. Farrance I.K.G. Mar J.H. Hall D.E. Ordahl C.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 3147-3150Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9Chen Z. Friedrich G.A. Soriano P. Genes & Dev. 1994; 8: 2293-2301Crossref PubMed Scopus (259) Google Scholar). Therefore, the TEA domain-containing proteins may play important roles in developmental gene regulation among a wide variety of species.In this study, we report the molecular cloning and analysis of a novel mouse TEA domain-containing protein, ETF. ETF specifically binds to the GT-IIC motif as observed for TEF-1. However, it is distinct from TEF-1 in the primary structure, the timing of gene expression, and the tissue distribution. Thus, ETF is a novel mammalian member of a TEA domain-containing protein family. Furthermore, ETF mRNA is developmentally regulated and is predominantly expressed in the hindbrain region of a 10-day-old mouse embryo, suggesting that ETF may be involved in the gene regulation of neural development." @default.
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• W1977385412 title "Molecular Characterization of cDNA Encoding a Novel Protein Related to Transcriptional Enhancer Factor-1 from Neural Precursor Cells" @default.
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