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• W1977885685 abstract "Using a printed configuration of a rod enclosed by a tilted frame, an orientation illusion analog to the classical effect was obtained. In the first experiment it was shown that the distortion ob­ tained in this array varies in direction and magnitude as a function of degree of frame tilt, in a manner that is globally similar to that usually obtained in more traditional methods of mea­ surement. The second experiment indicates that relational factors determine the magnitude of the effect, with increasing rod and frame separation resulting in diminished apparent tilt of the rod. Possible interactions between such an orientation illusion effect and visual-vestibular con­ tributions to the rod and frame are discussed. The rod-and-frame effect is a well-known phenomenon in which a line or rod surrounded by a tilted frame under­ goes a shift in apparent orientation (Witkin & Asch, 1948). There are two general classes of explanation that have been offered for the occurrence of this effect. The first views the effect as a visual-vestibular interaction; the sec­ ond views it as a purely visual interaction analogous to many angular illusions. The visual-vestibular interaction explanations for this effect depend upon fairly automatic processes that are free of cognitive mediation (cf. Howard, 1982, for a review). In general, this type of theory suggests that peripheral receptive fields may be assumed to process the image of the tilted frame, and that these in turn stimulate static orientation detectors (presumably at the vestibular nucleus). These then instigate a sequence of events which eventually produces the perception of inclination in a phys­ ically vertical line (Daunton & Thomsen, 1979; Dichgans & Brandt, 1978; Ebenholtz & Glaser, 1982; Ebenholtz & Utrie, 1983; Waespe & Henn, 1977). However, although vestibular factors may play an important role in the formation of the percept, there appears to be a more purely visual component present. This has been demon­ strated by Rock (1966), who was able to obtain the rod­ and-frame illusion with supine observers, a manipulation that eliminates vestibular mechanisms as the sole deter­ minant of the effect. In contrast, explanations based on visual interactions view the rod-and-frame illusion as analogous to many other visual-geometric illusions of orientation, such as the Zollner or the Lipps illusions (Coren & Girgus, 1978a). In these explanations it is the relationship between the con" @default.
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• W1977885685 date "1986-05-01" @default.
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• W1977885685 title "An orientation illusion analog to the rod and frame: Relational effects in the magnitude of the distortion" @default.
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• W1977885685 doi "https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03212486" @default.
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