FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1978125560> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1978125560 endingPage "782" @default.
• W1978125560 startingPage "777" @default.
• W1978125560 abstract "Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S.1Parker SL Tong T Bolden S Wingo PA Cancer Statistics, 1997.CA Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 5-27Crossref PubMed Scopus (2335) Google Scholar Each year, approximately 130,000 individuals are diagnosed and over 50,000 will die from this malignancy1Parker SL Tong T Bolden S Wingo PA Cancer Statistics, 1997.CA Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 5-27Crossref PubMed Scopus (2335) Google Scholar. The 5-year survival rate for early stage cancers is over 90%, while the 5-year rate for those diagnosed with wide spread cancer is less than 10%. Indirect evidence suggests that most cancers develop from adenomatous polyps and that it takes on average 10 years for a < 1 cm polyp to transform into invasive CRC 2Stryker SJ Wolff BG Culp CE et al.Natural history of untreated colonic polyps.Gastroenterology. 1987; 93: 1009-1013Abstract PubMed Google Scholar, 3Morson BC The evolution of colorectal carcinoma.Clin Radiol. 1984; 35: 425-431Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar. Given the finding that colon polyps and early cancers are usually asymptomatic and the above-mentioned dwell time between polyp and cancer, there appears to be a significant opportunity for CRC prevention by screening asymptomatic individuals.Only 30% of individuals harbor risk factors for colorectal cancer 4Winawer SJ Fletcher RH Miller RH et al.Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale.Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 594-642Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1822) Google Scholar. These risk factors include family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of colon polyps or cancer, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, and the familial polyposis syndromes (including familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP], hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer [HNPCC]). The other 70% of individuals are considered average risk.There has been mounting evidence regarding the efficacy of screening average risk individuals for CRC. Prospective randomized trials of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) have demonstrated a 15-33% reduction in CRC-related mortality5Mandel JS Bond JH Church TS et al.Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study.N Eng J Med. 1993; 328: 1365-1371Crossref PubMed Scopus (2897) Google Scholar, 6Kronborg O Fenger C Olsen J et al.Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1467-1471Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2174) Google Scholar, 7Hardcastle JD Chamberlain JO Robinson MH et al.Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1472-1477Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2415) Google Scholar. Case -control studies (mostly utilizing rigid sigmoidoscopes) have suggested a reduction in CRC-related mortality between 59-80% 8Newcomb PA Norfleet RG Storer BE et al.Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992; 84: 1572-1575Crossref PubMed Scopus (864) Google Scholar, 9Selby JV Friedman GD Quisenberry CP Weiss Jr, N A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer.N Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 653-657Crossref PubMed Scopus (1563) Google Scholar, 10Muller AD Sonnenberg A Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans.Arch Int Med. 1995; 155: 1741-1748Crossref PubMed Scopus (376) Google Scholar in the portion of the colon examined. It has been estimated that the overall reduction in CRC-related mortality from flexible sigmoidoscopy screening up until age 80 would be approximately 45%11Atkin WS Cuzick J Northover JMA Whynes DK Prevention of colorectal cancer by once-only sigmoidoscopy.The Lancet. 1993; 341: 736-740Abstract PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar. As yet there are no published prospective trials of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy showing a diminution in CRC -related mortality.These studies have prompted several groups to publish new guidelines for CRC screening. The American Cancer Society (ACS), the United States Preventive Service Task Force, and a consortium including the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Gastroenterology Association, American College of Gastroenterology, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Surgeons, initially supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), have all published guidelines within the past 5 years regarding CRC screening and surveillance recommendations12Byers T Levin B Rothenberger D et al.American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: Update 1997.Ca Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 154-160Crossref PubMed Scopus (448) Google Scholar, 13Guide to clinical preventive services Report to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.2nd ed. : Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C1995Google Scholar, 14Winawer SJ Fletcher RH Miller RH et al.Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale.Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 594-642Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1468) Google Scholar.Screening for average risk individualsFecal Occult Blood TestingAll three groups agree that individuals at average risk for CRC should begin yearly fecal occult blood testing at age 50. The recommended method includes the patient eating a meat-free diet one day prior to stool collection. Three fecal occult blood test slides with two windows each, should be completed by the patient. Samples obtained by digital rectal exam (DRE) and/or which include hydration have higher false positive rates. Patients with a positive FOBT have an increased risk of advanced neoplasia and should undergo a complete examination of the colon and rectum by colonoscopy. An alternative is double contrast barium enema (DCBE) and flexible sigmoidoscopy, although a total colonoscopic exam is preferred because of its superior diagnostic characteristics 15Johnson CD Ilstrup DM Fish NM et al.Barium enema and colon cancer screening: finally a study.AJR. 1997; 167: 39-43Crossref Scopus (17) Google Scholar and the ability to remove detected lesions.Flexible sigmoidoscopyTable 1Alternatives for CRC Screening in Average Risk Individuals (beginning at age 50)Fecal occult blood testing -yearlyFlexible sigmoidoscopy- every 5 yearsFOBT yearly/flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 yearsDouble contrast barium enema (with FS) - every 5 yearsColonoscopy- every 10 years Open table in a new tab There is limited evidence that combining yearly FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years results in better long-term survival if cancers are detected 20Winawer SJ Flehinger BJ Schottenfeld D Miller DG Screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85: 1311-1318Crossref PubMed Scopus (359) Google Scholar.Double contrast barium enemaThe ACS and the consortium have endorsed DCBE every 5-10 years as an alternative for screening average risk individuals. However, at this time, there are no prospective studies demonstrating the efficacy of DCBE for reducing CRC-related mortality through screening. The addition of flexible sigmoidoscopy with DCBE should be considered due to the poor visualization of the rectosigmoid colon by DCBE alone. While DCBE offers evaluation of the entire colon, its diagnostic sensitivity is inferior to colonoscopy and it lacks therapeutic capability.A recent, prospective study found that the sensitivity for detecting CRC was 83% for barium enema radiography versus 95% for colonoscopy 21Rex D Rahmani E Hasemann J et al.Relative sensitivity of colonoscopy and barium enema for detection of colorectal cancer in clinical practice.Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 17-23Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (515) Google Scholar.ColonoscopyBoth the consortium and the ACS recommend colonoscopy every 10 years as an alternative for CRC screening. Colonoscopy offers the advantages of complete visualization of the entire colon and therapeutic potential. Currently, there are no direct studies evaluating whether screening colonoscopy alone reduces CRC-related mortality. There is indirect evidence from the FOBT trials that colonoscopy reduces CRC-related mortality 5Mandel JS Bond JH Church TS et al.Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study.N Eng J Med. 1993; 328: 1365-1371Crossref PubMed Scopus (2897) Google Scholar, 6Kronborg O Fenger C Olsen J et al.Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1467-1471Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2174) Google Scholar, 7Hardcastle JD Chamberlain JO Robinson MH et al.Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1472-1477Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2415) Google Scholar. However, the performance of colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy and there is direct evidence that sigmoidoscopy is effective in reducing CRC-related mortality. The choice of modality for CRC screening should be discussed between practitioner and patient.High risk groupsColonoscopy for cancer surveillance is appropriate in certain high-risk patients. Risk factors for colon cancer include longstanding ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, familial cancer syndromes, and personal history of colorectal neoplastic polyps or cancer.Personal history of inflammatory bowel diseaseIndividuals with longstanding ulcerative colitis or Crohn's colitis (pancolitis for 8 or more years or, left-sided colitis for 15 or more years) may undergo colonoscopic surveillance with systematic biopsies every 1-3 years22Ibid 14.Google Scholar, 23Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 48: 676-678Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar although there is no direct evidence supporting this practice. The role of colonoscopy in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease is discussed in another guideline24Gastrointest Endosc. 1988 May-Jun; 34: 6S-7SPubMed Google Scholar.The majority of polyps found in ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory in nature. However, the finding of an adenomatous polyp in an individual with UC poses a clinical dilemma. Adenomas are, by definition, mass lesions with dysplasia. Adenomas located outside of the segment of UC may be managed the same as adenomas found in patients without UC. For adenomas found within a UC segment, limited available data suggest that, in the absence of dysplasia in the surrounding mucosa, these polyps may be managed similarly to polyps in individuals without UC25Connell WR Lennard-Jones JE Williams CB et al.factors affecting outcome of endoscopic surveillance for cancer in ulcerative colitis.Gastroenterology. 1994; 107: 934-944PubMed Google Scholar, 26Medlicott S Jewell L Price L et al.Conservative management of small adenomas in ulcerative colitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 2094-2097PubMed Google Scholar. The risk of malignancy appears to be low if no dysplasia is seen in these biopsies. Further studies are needed to clarify this controversial issue.Polyposis syndromesIndividuals with a family history of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Gardner's syndrome should undergo genetic testing with counseling and annual flexible sigmoidoscopy beginning at age 10 to 12 years; colectomy should be recommended when polyposis is found27Rhodes M Bradburn DM Overview of screening and management of familial adenomatous polyposis.Gut. 1992; 33: 125-128Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 28Burt RW Petersen GM Familial colorectal cancer: diagnosis and management.in: Prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer. 1997: 171-193Google Scholar. Affected individuals have nearly a 100% risk of developing colorectal cancer by the age of 40. They should be counseled regarding colectomy. If no polyps are seen, then annual sigmoidoscopy should be offered to age 40 and then every 3-5 years thereafter. Colonoscopic surveillance is not effective in preventing colon cancer in this setting.Table 2Screening recommendations for individuals with significant family historyFamily HistoryScreening RecommendationFAP with positive genetic test probandOffer genetic testing with counseling; if positive, annual FS beginning at age 10-12 years with colectomy when polyps develop. If no polyps annual FS to age 40, then every 3-5 years after.FAP with negative genetic test probandFS in all potentially affected relatives as performed above.HNPCCColonoscopy every 2 years beginning at age 25, or 5 years younger than the earliest age of diagnosis of CRC, whichever is earlier. Annual screening after age 40.First degree relatives with sporadic CRC or adenomas prior to age 60 or multiple first degree relatives with CRC or adenomasColonoscopy every 3-5 years beginning at an age 10 years younger than the age at diagnosis of the youngest affected relative. Open table in a new tab Family history of CRC/polypsIndividuals with a family history of CRC or adenomas (other than FAP and HNPCC) are also at increased risk30Levin B Murphy GP Revision in American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of colorectal cancer.CA Cancer J Clin. 1992; 42: 296-299Crossref PubMed Scopus (136) Google Scholar for the development of CRC compared to the general population. It is recommended that individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with sporadic CRC or adenomas before the age of 60 or with multiple first-degree relatives diagnosed with CRC or adenomas undergo colonoscopic screening. Colonoscopy is recommended every 3-5 years beginning at an age 10 years younger than the age of the youngest affected relative19Wallace MB Kemp JA Trnka YM et al.Is colonoscopy indicated for small adenomas found by screening flexible sigmoidoscopy?.Ann Int Med. 1998; 129: 273-278Crossref PubMed Google Scholar. There is no direct evidence regarding the initiation or appropriate interval of surveillance in these patients.Personal history of colorectal cancerPatients with a personal history of colorectal cancer are at increased risk for a metachronous cancer as well as at risk for recurrence of the index cancer. These individuals should undergo a preoperative colonoscopic examination if possible. If this is not feasible, a complete postoperative examination should be performed within 1 year of resection. If either of these examinations is normal, then a subsequent examination may be performed at 3-6 years.Personal history of adenomasColonoscopy is the preferred method of post-polypectomy follow-up. In addition to being the most sensitive method of polyp detection, it permits the removal of most recurrent polyps.Table 3Surveillance recommendations for individuals with significant personal historyPersonal HistorySurveillance RecommendationPrior CRCClearance of the remainder of the colon at or around the time of resection, followed by colonoscopy at 3 years after curative resection, then at 3-6 year intervals to detect metachronous neoplasia.Prior colonic adenomasAfter adequate clearance, surveillance colonoscopy at 3-6 year intervals.Ulcerative pancolitis / Crohn's pancolitis of 8 years' duration Left sided colitis of > 15 years' durationSurveillance colonoscopy every 1-3 years with systematic biopsies to detect dysplasia. Open table in a new tab Management of polypsMost polyps seen during colonoscopy can be completely removed by electrocautery. The safety of this procedure has been substantiated by the low incidence of complications reported in numerous series 32Rogers BH Silvis SE Nebel OT Complications of flexible fiberoptic colonscopy and polypectomy: an analysis of the ASGE survey.Gastrointest Endosc. 1975; 22: 73-77Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar, 33Macrae FA Tan KG Williams CB Towards safer colonoscopy: a report on complications of 5000 colonoscopies.Gut. 1983; 24: 376-383Crossref PubMed Scopus (432) Google Scholar, 34Waye JD Lewis BS Yessayan S Colonoscopy: A prospective report of complications.J Clin Gastro. 1992; 15: 347-351Crossref PubMed Scopus (351) Google Scholar, 35Vernava AM Longo WE Complications of endoscopic polypectomy.Surg OncClin N Am. 1996; 5: 663-673PubMed Google Scholar. The endoscopist should always be prepared to perform a total examination and remove all polyps found at the time of the first colonoscopy, although technical factors encountered during colonoscopy may limit completion of the procedure. Every effort should be made to avoid repetitive procedures.The finding of a neoplastic polyp > 1 cm by rigid or flexible sigmoidoscopy is an indication for examination of the entire colon, since 30-50% of such patients will harbor additional polyps. Controversy remains over whether colonoscopy is indicated in patients with polyp(s) < 1 cm found on sigmoidoscopy. A Mayo Clinic study showed that patients with distal polyps < 1 cm were at no greater cancer risk than the general population36Spencer RJ Melton III, LJ Ready RL Treatment of small colorectal polyps: a population-based study of the risk of subsequent carcinoma.Mayo Clin Proc. 1984; 59: 305-310Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (143) Google Scholar. However, these polyps were fulgurated, so their histology was unknown. A study from St. Marks Hospital in London found no increased cancer risk in individuals with a single < 1 cm tubular adenoma37Atkin WS Morson BC Cuzick J Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas.NEJM. 1992; 326: 658-662Crossref PubMed Scopus (950) Google Scholar. A recent Lahey Clinic study found advanced neoplasms (size > 1 cm and/or tubulovillous or carcinomatous histology) in 6% of those with diminutive (1-5 mm) and 10% of individuals with small (6-10 mm) distal polyps38Read T Read J Butterly L Importance of adenomas 5 mm or less in diameter that are detected by sigmoidoscopy.NEJM. 1997; 336: 8-12Crossref PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar. A fourth study found that individuals with a single distal diminutive tubular adenoma had a low prevalence of advanced proximal polyps (0%; 95% CI, 0-4%)39Wallace MB Kemp JA Trnka YM et al.Is colonoscopy indicated for small adenomas found by screening flexible sigmoidoscopy?.Ann Int Med. 1998; 129: 273-278Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar. Because the aforementioned data are conflicting and the various study designs potentially flawed, the decisions to perform colonoscopy on these patients should be individualized.Biopsy-proven inflammatory colorectal polyps are not related to cancer40Muto T Bussey HFT Morson BC The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum.Cancer. 1975; 36: 2251-2258Crossref PubMed Scopus (1883) Google Scholar. It is not clear whether individuals with hyperplastic polyps have an associated incidence of adenomatous polyps higher than that of control subjects without hyperplastic polyps. Colonoscopy is the preferred method of examination of the colon following a flexible sigmoidoscopy with at least one tubular adenoma because it allows both detection and removal of synchronous polyps.The morbidity, mortality and cost of colonoscopic polypectomy are significantly less than those for polypectomy by laparotomy41Shinya H Wolff WI Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of colonic polyps: an analysis of 7000 polyps endoscopically removed.Ann Surg. 1979; 109: 679-685Crossref Scopus (445) Google Scholar. The latter is justified only when an experienced endoscopist is unable to remove the entire lesion safely.Although controversy still exists regarding the degree of malignant potential of polypoid lesions of the colon, current opinion is that most cancers arise in preexisting neoplastic polyps42Morson BC Koishi F Dysplasia in the colorectum.Clinics Gastroenterol. 1980; : 331-339PubMed Google Scholar. It is impossible to tell grossly which lesions are or will become malignant. The incidence of malignancy in a polyp rises as the size and villous component of the polyp increase43Muto T Ishikawa K Kino I et al.Comparative histological study of adenomas of the large intestine in Japan and England, with special reference to malignant potential.Dis Col Rectum. 1977; 20: 11-19Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar. Because malignant changes in polyps are frequently missed by single and even multiple forceps biopsies, histologic evaluation should be based on examination of the completely excised polyp. In general, all polypoid lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter should be totally excised and recovered for histologic examination. The decision to perform colonoscopy for the purpose of removing polyps less than 1 cm in diameter is controversial and should be individualized. Depending on the patient's age, past history, family history and the presence of other diseases, colonoscopic polypectomy may be recommended for removal of these small lesions. Although occurrence of carcinoma in a lesion under 0.5 cm is rare, it is reasonable to destroy or remove all such diminutive lesions as they are encountered at the time of colonoscopy for any indication. Representative biopsy samples may be obtained when these lesions are too numerous for all of them to be removed.Large sessile polyps have a high malignant potential and tend to have microscopic foci of residual polyp after excision44Ibid.Google Scholar. Therefore, a patient who has colonoscopic excision of these lesions should have repeat evaluation of the polyp site within 6 months to document complete removal. If residual polyp tissue is found, it should be removed if possible and the completeness of excision checked once again within another 6-month period. If complete removal of the lesion has been verified at the first or second follow-up interval, then subsequent surveillance colonoscopy should be individualized. If, however, a large benign-appearing sessile polyp cannot be completely or safely removed endoscopically within 1-3 examinations, then subsequent bowel resection is indicated.Patients with adenomatous polyps exhibiting severe dysplasia or carcinoma superficial to the muscularis mucosae can be followed after polypectomy in the same manner as patients with polyps without these features45Fenoglio-Preiser CM Hutter RVP Colorectal polyps: patologic diagnosis and clinical significance.CA. 1985; 35: 322-359Google Scholar, 46Witt TR Winawer SJ Cancer in a colonic polyp, or malignant colonic adenomas: is polypectomy sufficient?.Gastroenterology. 1981; 81: 625-632Scopus (8) Google Scholar. The management of patients with pedunculated adenomas exhibiting carcinoma extending through the muscularis mucosae (invasive carcinoma) is controversial and must be individualized depending upon the operative risk category of the patient. The risk of lymph node spread is less than the risk of colonic surgery in most patients with malignant, pedunculated polyps provided that the polyp has been completely resected completely, and adequately processed, and there is no histologic evidence of high-grade carcinoma, vascular or lymphatic invasion, or involvement of the margin of the resection. Resection of the involved segment of the colon is recommended when these criteria are not met and may also be justified in selected younger, good-risk patients. Patients with a sessile polyp in which carcinoma has penetrated the muscularis mucosae should usually undergo surgical resection unless contraindicated by the condition of the patient47Cranley JP Petras RE Carey WD et al.When is endoscopic polypectomy adequate therapy for colonic polyps containing invasive carcinoma?.Gastroenterology. 1986; 91: 419-425PubMed Google Scholar, 48Morson BC Whiteway JE Jones EA et al.Histopathology and prognosis of malignant colorectal polyps treated by colonic polypectomy.Gut. 1984; 25: 437-444Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S.1Parker SL Tong T Bolden S Wingo PA Cancer Statistics, 1997.CA Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 5-27Crossref PubMed Scopus (2335) Google Scholar Each year, approximately 130,000 individuals are diagnosed and over 50,000 will die from this malignancy1Parker SL Tong T Bolden S Wingo PA Cancer Statistics, 1997.CA Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 5-27Crossref PubMed Scopus (2335) Google Scholar. The 5-year survival rate for early stage cancers is over 90%, while the 5-year rate for those diagnosed with wide spread cancer is less than 10%. Indirect evidence suggests that most cancers develop from adenomatous polyps and that it takes on average 10 years for a < 1 cm polyp to transform into invasive CRC 2Stryker SJ Wolff BG Culp CE et al.Natural history of untreated colonic polyps.Gastroenterology. 1987; 93: 1009-1013Abstract PubMed Google Scholar, 3Morson BC The evolution of colorectal carcinoma.Clin Radiol. 1984; 35: 425-431Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar. Given the finding that colon polyps and early cancers are usually asymptomatic and the above-mentioned dwell time between polyp and cancer, there appears to be a significant opportunity for CRC prevention by screening asymptomatic individuals. Only 30% of individuals harbor risk factors for colorectal cancer 4Winawer SJ Fletcher RH Miller RH et al.Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale.Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 594-642Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1822) Google Scholar. These risk factors include family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of colon polyps or cancer, a personal history of inflammatory bowel disease, and the familial polyposis syndromes (including familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP], hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer [HNPCC]). The other 70% of individuals are considered average risk. There has been mounting evidence regarding the efficacy of screening average risk individuals for CRC. Prospective randomized trials of fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) have demonstrated a 15-33% reduction in CRC-related mortality5Mandel JS Bond JH Church TS et al.Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study.N Eng J Med. 1993; 328: 1365-1371Crossref PubMed Scopus (2897) Google Scholar, 6Kronborg O Fenger C Olsen J et al.Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1467-1471Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2174) Google Scholar, 7Hardcastle JD Chamberlain JO Robinson MH et al.Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1472-1477Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2415) Google Scholar. Case -control studies (mostly utilizing rigid sigmoidoscopes) have suggested a reduction in CRC-related mortality between 59-80% 8Newcomb PA Norfleet RG Storer BE et al.Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992; 84: 1572-1575Crossref PubMed Scopus (864) Google Scholar, 9Selby JV Friedman GD Quisenberry CP Weiss Jr, N A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer.N Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 653-657Crossref PubMed Scopus (1563) Google Scholar, 10Muller AD Sonnenberg A Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans.Arch Int Med. 1995; 155: 1741-1748Crossref PubMed Scopus (376) Google Scholar in the portion of the colon examined. It has been estimated that the overall reduction in CRC-related mortality from flexible sigmoidoscopy screening up until age 80 would be approximately 45%11Atkin WS Cuzick J Northover JMA Whynes DK Prevention of colorectal cancer by once-only sigmoidoscopy.The Lancet. 1993; 341: 736-740Abstract PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar. As yet there are no published prospective trials of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy showing a diminution in CRC -related mortality. These studies have prompted several groups to publish new guidelines for CRC screening. The American Cancer Society (ACS), the United States Preventive Service Task Force, and a consortium including the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Gastroenterology Association, American College of Gastroenterology, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Surgeons, initially supported by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), have all published guidelines within the past 5 years regarding CRC screening and surveillance recommendations12Byers T Levin B Rothenberger D et al.American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: Update 1997.Ca Cancer J Clin. 1997; 47: 154-160Crossref PubMed Scopus (448) Google Scholar, 13Guide to clinical preventive services Report to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.2nd ed. : Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C1995Google Scholar, 14Winawer SJ Fletcher RH Miller RH et al.Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale.Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 594-642Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1468) Google Scholar. Screening for average risk individualsFecal Occult Blood TestingAll three groups agree that individuals at average risk for CRC should begin yearly fecal occult blood testing at age 50. The recommended method includes the patient eating a meat-free diet one day prior to stool collection. Three fecal occult blood test sli" @default.
• W1978125560 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5000851669 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5006429520 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5007542664 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5011021353 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5023049121 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5058318990 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5063870524 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5071495455 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5079134995 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5083349954 @default.
• W1978125560 creator A5091853765 @default.
• W1978125560 date "2000-06-01" @default.
• W1978125560 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W1978125560 title "Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance" @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1538580923 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1562197307 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1574399663 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1763504554 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1967427469 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1976128207 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1979256714 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1986926786 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1988803575 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1991594881 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W1992963386 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2004941652 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2005756196 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2006781990 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2014495259 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2018713713 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2043539979 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2046686567 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2067940389 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2071448631 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2073131392 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2077348225 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2083404704 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2087416012 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2100066812 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2109608605 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2118835794 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2120507833 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2145602937 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2153661233 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2178960807 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2336715068 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W2436619541 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W4236038543 @default.
• W1978125560 cites W4297625496 @default.
• W1978125560 doi "https://doi.org/10.1053/ge.2000.v51.age516777" @default.
• W1978125560 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10840334" @default.
• W1978125560 hasPublicationYear "2000" @default.
• W1978125560 type Work @default.
• W1978125560 sameAs 1978125560 @default.
• W1978125560 citedByCount "65" @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602012 @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602013 @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602014 @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602016 @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602018 @default.
• W1978125560 countsByYear W19781255602022 @default.
• W1978125560 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5000851669 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5006429520 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5007542664 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5011021353 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5023049121 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5058318990 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5063870524 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5071495455 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5079134995 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5083349954 @default.
• W1978125560 hasAuthorship W1978125560A5091853765 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C121608353 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C143998085 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C2778435480 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C2993160541 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C526805850 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C61434518 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C121608353 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C126322002 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C143998085 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C2778435480 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C2993160541 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C526805850 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C61434518 @default.
• W1978125560 hasConceptScore W1978125560C71924100 @default.
• W1978125560 hasIssue "6" @default.
• W1978125560 hasLocation W19781255601 @default.
• W1978125560 hasLocation W19781255602 @default.
• W1978125560 hasOpenAccess W1978125560 @default.
• W1978125560 hasPrimaryLocation W19781255601 @default.
• W1978125560 hasRelatedWork W1574399663 @default.
• W1978125560 hasRelatedWork W2372023528 @default.

• next