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• W1978131488 abstract "Related Article, p. 884In its report Crossing the Quality Chasm, a New Health System for the 21st Century,1Committee on the Quality of Healthcare in the United StatesCrossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar the Institute of Medicine defined 6 aims for improvement in health care. Health care should be safe, effective, patient centered, timely, efficient, and equitable.This report was published earlier in this decade.1Committee on the Quality of Healthcare in the United StatesCrossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar However, nothing since that time frame has altered the importance of these 6 objectives. Health care delivery that works to develop and refine these 6 areas is likely to advance our ability to meet patient needs with better outcomes.Tackling all 6 objectives simultaneously can be a challenge, but if we keep the patient at the center of the health care concepts, it potentially is achievable. To do so, we have to understand the patient; his or her level of understanding of health, disease, and care; and the cultural context of those values. We also have to understand how to deliver optimal care across those layers of understanding in a way that is effective and certainly safe. By understanding those layers of understanding, we can begin to positively apply the rest of those principles to improve health care. This entails engaging and using the concept of health literacy as a patient-centered tool. As Shortell and Swartzberg2Shortell S.M. Swartzberg J. The physician as public health professional in the 21st century.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2916-2918Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar recently noted in their report, The Physician as Public Health Professional in the 21st Century, physicians need to consider individual patients within the larger social, economic, and cultural contexts. Moreover, these investigators emphasized that cultural competence and facility with language will be skills absolutely necessary for successful physicians to fulfill their role, especially when interacting with patients of varied ethnicities and from different cultures.2Shortell S.M. Swartzberg J. The physician as public health professional in the 21st century.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2916-2918Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google ScholarIn this issue of the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar have written a call to action to advance health literacy as an avenue of chronic kidney disease (CKD) research. They outlined fundamental aspects of health literacy research and simultaneously highlighted the paucity of this work in patients with CKD. As a specialty and research community, we should take this call to action seriously, if only because it is likely to help us better address the 6 principles noted and improve our health care delivery. However, there are other reasons that this approach is meritorious.First, this approach represents multiple forms of patient-oriented research. Research advances our knowledge of how to do things better. Patient-oriented research also has the obvious possible benefit of direct application to clinical care delivery. Aspects of health literacy research also readily fit into type 2 translational research. Patient-oriented research can adopt many approaches; traditional clinical trials, research using such patient materials as blood cells (classic type 1 translational research), outcomes research, or research that examines how findings are translated from those very studies into daily practice and decision making.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar There also is research that focuses on the practice of medicine and its structure and functionality per se.5Westfall J.M. Mold J. Fagnan L. Practice-based research—“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap.JAMA. 2007; 297: 403-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (869) Google Scholar This last type of research has been cast as type 3 translational research by some.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar, 5Westfall J.M. Mold J. Fagnan L. Practice-based research—“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap.JAMA. 2007; 297: 403-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (869) Google Scholar In between is type 2 translational research, which focuses on translating results of clinical studies into day-to-day practice and clinical decision making.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar All these approaches view research from the perspective of the physician/scientist, whereas health literacy research moves that perspective to actively encompass the patient and physician differently with both research and application of practice working concurrently (Fig 1). Promoting health literacy research in patients with CKD thus establishes a new sphere for translational research in nephrology, research that is truly patient oriented, but also that directly intersects with practice and may have an effect on outcomes.Health literacy research in patients with CKD as proposed by Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar also can help us better assess patient involvement in care delivery and their own disease management. The practical nature of this approach is obvious, especially as we acknowledge the growing prevalence of CKD and its compounding effect on other chronic illnesses. Health literacy research in patients with CKD that addresses self-care could deliver bridging strategies that enable caregivers to cross the efficacy-effectiveness gap of interventions. It also has the potential to give us a better perspective on economic considerations related to CKD and patients and intuitively deliver some form of social benefit as a result of this avenue of investigation. Thus, health literacy research in patients with CKD is a novel area of activity as a foundation for population-based outcome studies, as proposed by Booth and Mackillop.6Booth C.M. Mackillop W.J. Translating new medical therapies into societal benefit: The role of population-based outcome studies.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2177-2179Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google ScholarInterestingly, Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar provide a possible template for investigation, but many reagents and vectors for health literacy research in patients with CKD already exist. There are commonly used health literacy tools, such as Rapid Estimate Adult Literacy in Medicine7Ibrahim S.Y. Reid F. Shaw A. et al.Validation of a health literacy screening tool (REALM) in a UK population with coronary heart disease.J Public Health (Oxford, England). 2008; 30: 449-455Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 8Shaw A, Ibrahim S, Reid F, Ussher M, Rowlands G: Patients' perspectives of the doctor-patient relationship and information giving across a range of literacy levels. Patient Educ Counseling 2008 Nov 26 [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar and the short form of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults,9Chew L.D. Bradley K.A. Boyko E.J. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy.Fam Med. 2004; 36: 588-594PubMed Google Scholar, 10Chew L.D. Griffin J.M. Partin M.R. et al.Validation of screening questions for limited health literacy in a large VA outpatient population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23: 561-566Crossref PubMed Scopus (875) Google Scholar as well as the Demographic Assessment for Health Literacy.11Hanchate A.D. Ash A.S. Gazmararian J.A. Wolf M.S. Paasche-Orlow M.K. The Demographic Assessment for Health Literacy (DAHL): A new tool for estimating associations between health literacy and outcomes in national surveys.J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23: 1561-1566Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar Moreover, a large number of materials is available for the translation step from assessment of understanding to delivering knowledge. These tools can be used for interventional studies. These materials include web-based curriculum, eg, Kidney School (Life Options Rehabilitation Institute, a program of Medical Education Institute, Inc, Madison, WI), and combination media (web-based, print, and other media) materials, such as the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Learning Systems. Many Kidney Learning Systems materials are also available in Spanish to facilitate even broader use. Therefore, these educational materials do not need to be redeveloped. There is already a solid portfolio of tools for assessment and intervention studies. Certainly, this tool kit may need to be refined, but the tools are already there to move ahead.Any emphasis on gaining better understanding of our patients should be viewed very positively. However, there are many questions that surround health literacy research in CKD that cannot be ignored. Some of the larger questions are:1Which research population to pursue for this form of research? Should investigators link up with such programs as the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) to identify individuals at risk of CKD? This has a significant potential for societal benefit in understanding CKD and health literacy with a large cohort of individuals. An alternative approach would be to use the federal mandate through the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 200812HR 6331: Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, passed into law July 15, 2008Google Scholar as an opportunity for more focused first steps in investigation. This approach has less potential societal benefit, but a greater likelihood of learning the process of this form of research.2Who will fund such research? As noted, health literacy research is situated at an intersection of various types of research. Classically, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has had the federal mandate for the translation of research results into practice. However, the discovery of some aspects of practice, eg, health literacy, might not necessarily fall under their direct purview. The National Institutes of Health has funded research projects that examine health literacy through traditional R01 and other R award mechanisms. However, with a tighter economic climate, it may be necessary to look for new areas of support. Other organizations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Commonwealth Fund, are potential sources of funding given their interest in improving the practice of medicine. However, other less traditional sources of funding also deserve consideration. Agencies and associations, such as the Ad Council and American Association of Retired Persons, have logical links and vested interest in health literacy research. Even such an agency as the Department of Homeland Security has a connection when one considers the health of new immigrants in the United States. Thus, although funding may not be obvious, ingenuity and creativity, if exercised well, could open up new options for sustaining investigation in CKD-related health literacy research.3How should investigators construct the research in a way that moves beyond association and moves toward causation and effect? Or do we look at this form of research in nephrology as a surrogate for marketing research, a viable, but certainly nontraditional, mode of investigation in biomedicine?4How do investigators account for changes in working memory13Wilson E.A. Wolf M.S. Working memory and the design of health materials: A cognitive factors perspective.Patient Educ Counseling. 2009; 74: 318-322Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar in a disease process characterized by cognitive decline?5How should investigators best integrate blended learning approaches and simultaneously cross language barriers or other obstacles without confounding their work?These questions are natural outgrowths of pursuing a new form of investigation and thinking about its application to CKD. Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar should be commended for their accomplishments and their stance that we should focus on health literacy. In supporting their approach, it is very likely that we will add to our scientific literature, expand our ways of caring for patients, and, most important, move toward realizing the 6 aims of optimal health care as laid out by the Institute of Medicine. How we get there remains to be seen. Related Article, p. 884 Related Article, p. 884 Related Article, p. 884 In its report Crossing the Quality Chasm, a New Health System for the 21st Century,1Committee on the Quality of Healthcare in the United StatesCrossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar the Institute of Medicine defined 6 aims for improvement in health care. Health care should be safe, effective, patient centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. This report was published earlier in this decade.1Committee on the Quality of Healthcare in the United StatesCrossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academy, Washington, DC2001Google Scholar However, nothing since that time frame has altered the importance of these 6 objectives. Health care delivery that works to develop and refine these 6 areas is likely to advance our ability to meet patient needs with better outcomes. Tackling all 6 objectives simultaneously can be a challenge, but if we keep the patient at the center of the health care concepts, it potentially is achievable. To do so, we have to understand the patient; his or her level of understanding of health, disease, and care; and the cultural context of those values. We also have to understand how to deliver optimal care across those layers of understanding in a way that is effective and certainly safe. By understanding those layers of understanding, we can begin to positively apply the rest of those principles to improve health care. This entails engaging and using the concept of health literacy as a patient-centered tool. As Shortell and Swartzberg2Shortell S.M. Swartzberg J. The physician as public health professional in the 21st century.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2916-2918Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar recently noted in their report, The Physician as Public Health Professional in the 21st Century, physicians need to consider individual patients within the larger social, economic, and cultural contexts. Moreover, these investigators emphasized that cultural competence and facility with language will be skills absolutely necessary for successful physicians to fulfill their role, especially when interacting with patients of varied ethnicities and from different cultures.2Shortell S.M. Swartzberg J. The physician as public health professional in the 21st century.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2916-2918Crossref PubMed Scopus (127) Google Scholar In this issue of the American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar have written a call to action to advance health literacy as an avenue of chronic kidney disease (CKD) research. They outlined fundamental aspects of health literacy research and simultaneously highlighted the paucity of this work in patients with CKD. As a specialty and research community, we should take this call to action seriously, if only because it is likely to help us better address the 6 principles noted and improve our health care delivery. However, there are other reasons that this approach is meritorious. First, this approach represents multiple forms of patient-oriented research. Research advances our knowledge of how to do things better. Patient-oriented research also has the obvious possible benefit of direct application to clinical care delivery. Aspects of health literacy research also readily fit into type 2 translational research. Patient-oriented research can adopt many approaches; traditional clinical trials, research using such patient materials as blood cells (classic type 1 translational research), outcomes research, or research that examines how findings are translated from those very studies into daily practice and decision making.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar There also is research that focuses on the practice of medicine and its structure and functionality per se.5Westfall J.M. Mold J. Fagnan L. Practice-based research—“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap.JAMA. 2007; 297: 403-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (869) Google Scholar This last type of research has been cast as type 3 translational research by some.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar, 5Westfall J.M. Mold J. Fagnan L. Practice-based research—“Blue Highways” on the NIH roadmap.JAMA. 2007; 297: 403-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (869) Google Scholar In between is type 2 translational research, which focuses on translating results of clinical studies into day-to-day practice and clinical decision making.4Woolf S.H. The meaning of translational research and why it matters.JAMA. 2008; 299: 211-213Crossref PubMed Scopus (1268) Google Scholar All these approaches view research from the perspective of the physician/scientist, whereas health literacy research moves that perspective to actively encompass the patient and physician differently with both research and application of practice working concurrently (Fig 1). Promoting health literacy research in patients with CKD thus establishes a new sphere for translational research in nephrology, research that is truly patient oriented, but also that directly intersects with practice and may have an effect on outcomes. Health literacy research in patients with CKD as proposed by Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar also can help us better assess patient involvement in care delivery and their own disease management. The practical nature of this approach is obvious, especially as we acknowledge the growing prevalence of CKD and its compounding effect on other chronic illnesses. Health literacy research in patients with CKD that addresses self-care could deliver bridging strategies that enable caregivers to cross the efficacy-effectiveness gap of interventions. It also has the potential to give us a better perspective on economic considerations related to CKD and patients and intuitively deliver some form of social benefit as a result of this avenue of investigation. Thus, health literacy research in patients with CKD is a novel area of activity as a foundation for population-based outcome studies, as proposed by Booth and Mackillop.6Booth C.M. Mackillop W.J. Translating new medical therapies into societal benefit: The role of population-based outcome studies.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2177-2179Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar Interestingly, Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar provide a possible template for investigation, but many reagents and vectors for health literacy research in patients with CKD already exist. There are commonly used health literacy tools, such as Rapid Estimate Adult Literacy in Medicine7Ibrahim S.Y. Reid F. Shaw A. et al.Validation of a health literacy screening tool (REALM) in a UK population with coronary heart disease.J Public Health (Oxford, England). 2008; 30: 449-455Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 8Shaw A, Ibrahim S, Reid F, Ussher M, Rowlands G: Patients' perspectives of the doctor-patient relationship and information giving across a range of literacy levels. Patient Educ Counseling 2008 Nov 26 [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar and the short form of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults,9Chew L.D. Bradley K.A. Boyko E.J. Brief questions to identify patients with inadequate health literacy.Fam Med. 2004; 36: 588-594PubMed Google Scholar, 10Chew L.D. Griffin J.M. Partin M.R. et al.Validation of screening questions for limited health literacy in a large VA outpatient population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23: 561-566Crossref PubMed Scopus (875) Google Scholar as well as the Demographic Assessment for Health Literacy.11Hanchate A.D. Ash A.S. Gazmararian J.A. Wolf M.S. Paasche-Orlow M.K. The Demographic Assessment for Health Literacy (DAHL): A new tool for estimating associations between health literacy and outcomes in national surveys.J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23: 1561-1566Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar Moreover, a large number of materials is available for the translation step from assessment of understanding to delivering knowledge. These tools can be used for interventional studies. These materials include web-based curriculum, eg, Kidney School (Life Options Rehabilitation Institute, a program of Medical Education Institute, Inc, Madison, WI), and combination media (web-based, print, and other media) materials, such as the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Learning Systems. Many Kidney Learning Systems materials are also available in Spanish to facilitate even broader use. Therefore, these educational materials do not need to be redeveloped. There is already a solid portfolio of tools for assessment and intervention studies. Certainly, this tool kit may need to be refined, but the tools are already there to move ahead. Any emphasis on gaining better understanding of our patients should be viewed very positively. However, there are many questions that surround health literacy research in CKD that cannot be ignored. Some of the larger questions are: 1Which research population to pursue for this form of research? Should investigators link up with such programs as the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) to identify individuals at risk of CKD? This has a significant potential for societal benefit in understanding CKD and health literacy with a large cohort of individuals. An alternative approach would be to use the federal mandate through the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 200812HR 6331: Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, passed into law July 15, 2008Google Scholar as an opportunity for more focused first steps in investigation. This approach has less potential societal benefit, but a greater likelihood of learning the process of this form of research.2Who will fund such research? As noted, health literacy research is situated at an intersection of various types of research. Classically, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has had the federal mandate for the translation of research results into practice. However, the discovery of some aspects of practice, eg, health literacy, might not necessarily fall under their direct purview. The National Institutes of Health has funded research projects that examine health literacy through traditional R01 and other R award mechanisms. However, with a tighter economic climate, it may be necessary to look for new areas of support. Other organizations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Commonwealth Fund, are potential sources of funding given their interest in improving the practice of medicine. However, other less traditional sources of funding also deserve consideration. Agencies and associations, such as the Ad Council and American Association of Retired Persons, have logical links and vested interest in health literacy research. Even such an agency as the Department of Homeland Security has a connection when one considers the health of new immigrants in the United States. Thus, although funding may not be obvious, ingenuity and creativity, if exercised well, could open up new options for sustaining investigation in CKD-related health literacy research.3How should investigators construct the research in a way that moves beyond association and moves toward causation and effect? Or do we look at this form of research in nephrology as a surrogate for marketing research, a viable, but certainly nontraditional, mode of investigation in biomedicine?4How do investigators account for changes in working memory13Wilson E.A. Wolf M.S. Working memory and the design of health materials: A cognitive factors perspective.Patient Educ Counseling. 2009; 74: 318-322Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar in a disease process characterized by cognitive decline?5How should investigators best integrate blended learning approaches and simultaneously cross language barriers or other obstacles without confounding their work? These questions are natural outgrowths of pursuing a new form of investigation and thinking about its application to CKD. Devraj and Gordon3Devraj R. Gordon E.J. Health literacy and kidney disease: Toward a new line of research.Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; 53: 884-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar should be commended for their accomplishments and their stance that we should focus on health literacy. In supporting their approach, it is very likely that we will add to our scientific literature, expand our ways of caring for patients, and, most important, move toward realizing the 6 aims of optimal health care as laid out by the Institute of Medicine. How we get there remains to be seen. Dr Becker is President of the National Kidney Foundation. Financial Disclosure: None. Health Literacy and Kidney Disease: Toward a New Line of ResearchAmerican Journal of Kidney DiseasesVol. 53Issue 5PreviewHealth literacy has been recognized as an important public health issue over the past decade. Low health literacy is a widespread problem in the general population, affecting over 90 million Americans. A growing body of research has demonstrated the association between low health literacy and worse health outcomes in a variety of chronic conditions. Despite the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the considerable interest in health literacy, there has been limited research examining the role of health literacy in individuals at all stages of CKD. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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