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• W1978394527 abstract "‘My Savage,’ ‘My Man’: Racial Multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe Roxann Wheeler Although critics of Daniel Defoe’s The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) have long been fascinated by Crusoe’s and Friday’s relationship, twentieth-century scholars have been slow to treat the dynamic of race that informs that relationship and the entire novel. 1 When race has been considered a significant category of inquiry, often the nuances of its meanings in the early eighteenth century have been neglected for a more contemporary paradigm of self and other or white man and native. My essay develops a different approach both to early eighteenth-century ideas about race and to Crusoe’s various relationships with non-British men. Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe exemplifies the way in which reading for racial multiplicity is better able to analyze race as an emergent, rather than rigid, concept in the early eighteenth century. That is, by reading for racial multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe, I argue not only that the color binary of black and white is an inadequate tool for understanding either the representation of race or colonial relations, but also that significant racialized categories other than skin color, such as “savage,” “Christian,” and “slave,” complicate an understanding of race at this time. For example, focusing on a color binary is not sufficient to explain the juxtapositions of the British with other Europeans, Moors, West Africans, or Native Caribbeans that characterize Robinson Crusoe. By studying the multiple meanings of race and color in this early eighteenth century text, I do not erase the hierarchies structuring colonial and racial relations, rather I register the complexity of their operation. This analysis of Robinson Crusoe and of its social text examines the novel’s representation of racial multiplicity and its participation in contemporary eighteenth-century articulations of race and colonial power relations. 2 First, I show the precision with which Robinson Crusoe defines the various boundaries between people in racialized terms. Then, I demonstrate that despite this, the novel has fostered confusion in its many subsequent interpretations. In fact, the novel’s difficulty in situating Friday in a stable category of Carib, cannibal, or slave, is central to analyzing Robinson Crusoe. 3 Such a difficulty reflects a larger cultural uncertainty about the significance of racial difference in the early [End Page 821] eighteenth century. But first, I begin with a contemporary reading of Robinson Crusoe that shows the problems which arise when an analysis seeks to confine an eighteenth-century colonial text to a color binary informed by current notions of race. I In 1992, when Toni Morrison introduced Race-ing Justice, Engendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality and sought to make sense of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas’s position in relation to racial politics in the United States, she chose an analogy to Robinson Crusoe. 4 Morrison identifies Friday’s relation to Crusoe as a particularly appropriate analogy for Thomas’s relation to the Bush administration. For many social critics, including Morrison, Robinson Crusoe and Friday are paradigmatic of colonial relations between whites and non-whites. 5 Yet, homogenizing race to a rigid set of binary differences divorces the literary from its social text and produces a narrative about racial relations in Robinson Crusoe that seems remarkably contemporary. Morrison’s “Introduction: Friday on the Potomac” juxtaposes Clarence Thomas’s Senate confirmation hearings to Robinson Crusoe. This extended analogy to Friday and Morrison’s critique of both Thomas and United States’s politics are first introduced in her choice of epigraphs, which move from comments by Thomas and Anita Hill to the scene in which Friday bends his head to Crusoe’s foot. Arguing that the significance of the hearings is, in part, “history,” and suggesting that “the site of the exorcism of critical national issues was situated in the miasma of black life and inscribed on the bodies of black people,” Morrison’s essay deftly critiques the way that race is played out in the United States’s national text, unveiling the structure of racial discrimination in which Thomas and Hill were placed. 6 Morrison further argues that the Senate Judiciary Committee and the media coverage..." @default.
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• W1978394527 date "1995-01-01" @default.
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• W1978394527 title "'My Savage,' 'My Man': Racial Multiplicity in Robinson Crusoe" @default.
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• W1978394527 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/elh.1995.0040" @default.
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