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• W1978655235 abstract "The Imperfect Dead:Mourning Women in Eighteenth-Century Oratory and Fiction Desirée Henderson (bio) The death of an impenitent sinner is indeed unutterably dreadful to himself, and exceeding lamentable to others, sometimes sharpening mourning almost to agonies! —Samuel Buell's funeral sermon for Jerusha Conkling (1782) And may the Daughters of Zion, in special, hear the Voice of God speaking as it were particularly to them; and be quickened therefrom to live as those who must shortly die. —Charles Chauncy's funeral sermon for Anna Foxcroft (1749) Funerary discourse tends to assume one thing: the perfection of the dead. The dead are memorialized for their good deeds, contributions to society, and positive attributes. While rhetorically effective, this convention presents one major obstacle: what about people who were not models of virtue? How can the imperfect, the flawed, and the fallen be mourned? In many cases, the imperfect dead undergo a transformation; essentially, their reputations are whitewashed. But, more often than not, the imperfect dead are simply not mourned. The traditional form and function of funerary speech does not allow for their commemoration. The deaths of abject sinners and social pariahs may be seen as lessons on the wages of sin, but rarely do they become the subject of conventional memorial oratory or literature. This negation of mourning is particularly pronounced with regards to women. Whereas men with personal shortcomings may be eulogized for their political accomplishments or social status, women are typically judged according to their strict compliance to norms of proper behavior.1 Deviance from these norms cannot be easily masked by eulogistic praise. The death of a fallen woman is understood as a deserved punishment, rather than a tragic loss. The consequence is that funeral oratory for [End Page 487] women, especially in the colonial and early national periods, is devoted to constructing an ideal image of female identity. The experience of mourning is premised upon the deceased's closeness to this ideal. With such an expectation in place, the death of an imperfect woman can be neither acknowledged nor mourned. In this essay, I am concerned with the limitations of early American funeral oratory, particularly how the representation of women within memorial literature influenced their representation in other literary forms. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the dominant form of memorial speech was the funeral sermon, a genre emerging out of Puritan religious practices.2 The funeral sermon provided a public forum for the experience of loss, one that constructed a communal memory of the dead and directed the living in their response to death. Like other Puritan sermon forms (jeremiad, execution, election day, etc.), the funeral sermon gave the first generations of Euro-Americans a literary lens through which to interpret their new world. Unlike these other sermon forms, the funeral sermon has not been recognized for its contribution to American literature. 3 As one of the few literary forms in which Euro-American women were granted significance, the funeral sermon deserves reconsideration. In the following pages, I describe the form and function of the early American funeral sermon as it evolved over the eighteenth century. I examine how the sermon participated in constructing an image of virtuous womanhood that vilified imperfect women and rendered them unsuitable for mourning. As a consequence, other literary forms were developed to accomplish what the funeral sermon could not: depict and lament the deaths of imperfect women. My analysis of the funeral sermon foregrounds the influence the genre had on the development of American fiction. I argue here that the funeral sermon's treatment of women's lives and deaths provides an important context for understanding the origins of the early American novel and its representation of gender and mourning. Emerging at the end of the eighteenth century, the novel seeks to challenge the authority of the sermon, particularly how it limits mourning to the idealized dead. The novel asserts instead that mourning is particularly necessary when the deceased is flawed or imperfect. Indeed, novels come to serve as a forum for exploring the causes and consequences of sinful women's deaths. The fact that three of the first American novels—The Power of Sympathy, Charlotte Temple, [End Page..." @default.
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• W1978655235 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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• W1978655235 title "The Imperfect Dead: Mourning Women in Eighteenth-Century Oratory and Fiction" @default.
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• W1978655235 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2005.0007" @default.
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