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• W1978698138 abstract "Considerable karyotypic differentiation has occurred within the group of taxa comprising the eastern North American members of the genus Claytonia. Patterns of karyotypic differentiation are congruent with evolutionary groupings based on flavonoid chemistry, particularly at the diploid level. The 2n= 16 diploid chemotype found in both C. caroliniana and C. virginica possesses a karyotype composed entirely of metacentric chromosomes, while acrocentric chromosomes predominate in the karyotypes of the 2n = 12 and 2n = 14 diploid chemotypes of C. virginica. The 2n = 16 diploid also has a karyotype significantly larger than those of the other diploid cytotypes. Polyploid karyotypes of both species show varying degrees of divergence from their presumed diploid progenitors. CLS YTONIA VIRGINICA L. and C. caroliniana Michx. (Portulacaceae) are cormose woodland spring ephemerals, typically of mesic woodlands. Claytonia virginica is common throughout much of eastern North America, ranging as far west as Texas and as far north as southern Canada, while the more boreal C. caroliniana is found in the northern United States and southern Canada and as far south as Georgia in the higher elevations of the Appalachians. Both taxa are well known for their extensive polyploid and aneuploid chromosome variation. In C. virginica over 50 cytotypes are known, from 2n = 12 to 2n = ca. 191 (Lewis, Oliver and Suda, 1967; Lewis and Semple, 1977; Rothwell, 1954, 1959; Rothwell and Kump,1965) including three allopatric diploid races (2n= 12, 14,16;Lewisetal.,1967).Only a single predominant diploid cytotype (2n= 16) occurs in C. caroliniana (Gervais and Grandtner, 1981). Previous studies by Lewis and Suda (1968) and Rothwell (1959) indicate a great deal of karyotypic variation in Claytonia, particularly within C. virginica. However, neither study involved extensive sampling from throughout the range of C. virginica, nor provided karyotypes of all three diploid races. Furthermore, both studies were strictly qualitative and provided no measurements of either total karyotype length or arm ratio. ' Received for publication 16 September 1983; revision accepted 3 January 1984. This study represents a portion of a doctoral thesis submitted to the Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. The author thanks Dr. C. B. Heiser, Jr. for his assistance and encouragement. 2 Current address: L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Well-defined races, characterized by differences in flavonoid chemistry, geographical distribution, chromosome numbers, ecology, leaf morphology, and ribosomal DNA sequence variation occur in C. virginica (Fig. 1) and to a lesser degree in C. caroliniana (Doyle, 198 1, 1983; Doyle, Beachy and Lewis, 1984). These data have provided a new perspective on the evolution ofthe eastern North American Claytonia complex and suggest that a reexamination of karyotypic variation is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS-Corms from 61 natural populations, representing all known chemical races of C. virginica and C. caroliniana, were grown in the Indiana University greenhouses (Fig. 2). Voucher specimens are deposited at IND. Root tips from these plants were used for all chromosome studies. A modification of the cytological method of Soltis (1980) was used. Freshly collected root tips were pretreated at room temperature for 2 hr in 0.002 M 8-hydroxyquinoline to arrest mitosis at metaphase and contract chromosomes. Rinsed root tips were fixed in freshly made ethanol:propionic acid (3:1) at room temperature for 1 to 4 hr. Longer fixation decreased the quality of the preparations. Root tips were treated with 1.5 N HC1 at 60 C for 10 min, rinsed in distilled water for 2 to 3 min and placed in full strength snail cytase (Glusulase: Endo Laboratories) for 15 to 20 min depending on the size of the root tip, followed by a final 1 to 2-min rinse in distilled water. The formic-lactic-propionic orcein (FLPO) method of Jackson (1973) was used to stain all preparations. Root-tip meristem cells were isolated in a drop of FLPO on a microscope slide and squashed without heating. Cells were pho-" @default.
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• W1978698138 date "1984-08-01" @default.
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• W1978698138 title "KARYOTYPIC VARIATION OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN CLAYTONIA CHEMICAL RACES" @default.
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• W1978698138 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb14163.x" @default.
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