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• W1978751015 abstract "We aimed to distinguish between the effects of mutations in apoA-I on the requirements for the secondary structure and a specific amino acid sequence for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activation. Several mutants were constructed targeting region 140–150: (i) two mutations affecting α-helical structure, deletion of amino acids 140–150 and substitution of Ala143for proline; (ii) two mutations not affecting α-helical structure, substitution of Val149 for arginine and substitution of amino acids 63–73 for sequence 140–150; and (iii) a mutation in a similar region away from the target area, deletion of amino acids 63–73. All mutations affecting region 140–150 resulted in a 4–42-fold reduction in LCAT activation. Three mutations, apoA-I(Δ140–150), apoA-I(P143A), and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73), affected both the apparent V max andK m, whereas the mutation apoA-I(R149V) affected only the V max. The mutation apoA-I(Δ63–73) caused only a 5-fold increase in the K m. All mutants, except apoA-I(P143A) and apoA-I(Δ63–73), were active in phospholipid binding assay. All mutants, except apoA-I(P143A), formed normal discoidal complexes with phospholipid. The mutation apoA-I(Δ63–73) caused a significant reduction in the stability of apoA-I·phospholipid complexes in denaturation experiments. Combined, our results strongly suggest that although the correct conformation and orientation of apoA-I in the complex with lipids are crucial for activation of LCAT, when these conditions are fulfilled, activation also strongly depends on the sequence that includes amino acids 140–150. We aimed to distinguish between the effects of mutations in apoA-I on the requirements for the secondary structure and a specific amino acid sequence for lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activation. Several mutants were constructed targeting region 140–150: (i) two mutations affecting α-helical structure, deletion of amino acids 140–150 and substitution of Ala143for proline; (ii) two mutations not affecting α-helical structure, substitution of Val149 for arginine and substitution of amino acids 63–73 for sequence 140–150; and (iii) a mutation in a similar region away from the target area, deletion of amino acids 63–73. All mutations affecting region 140–150 resulted in a 4–42-fold reduction in LCAT activation. Three mutations, apoA-I(Δ140–150), apoA-I(P143A), and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73), affected both the apparent V max andK m, whereas the mutation apoA-I(R149V) affected only the V max. The mutation apoA-I(Δ63–73) caused only a 5-fold increase in the K m. All mutants, except apoA-I(P143A) and apoA-I(Δ63–73), were active in phospholipid binding assay. All mutants, except apoA-I(P143A), formed normal discoidal complexes with phospholipid. The mutation apoA-I(Δ63–73) caused a significant reduction in the stability of apoA-I·phospholipid complexes in denaturation experiments. Combined, our results strongly suggest that although the correct conformation and orientation of apoA-I in the complex with lipids are crucial for activation of LCAT, when these conditions are fulfilled, activation also strongly depends on the sequence that includes amino acids 140–150. high density lipoprotein reconstituted HDL lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine guanidine hydrochloride ApoA-I is a key element of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. This pathway removes excess cholesterol from extrahepatic cells and thus protects the artery wall against developing atherosclerosis (1.Fielding C.J. Fielding P.E. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 211-228Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Most of the apoA-I in the plasma is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL),1 although apoA-I may dissociate from the major HDL subfraction, α-HDL (2.Liang H.-Q. Rye K.-A. Barter P.J. J. Lipid Res. 1994; 35: 1187-1199Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and up to 13% of apoA-I is present in lipid-poor form as pre-β1-HDL (3.Sasahara T. Yamashita T. Sviridov D. Fidge N. Nestel P. J. Lipid Res. 1997; 38: 600-611Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). ApoA-I is essential for the correct assembly and overall stability of HDL (4.Eisenberg S. J. Lipid Res. 1984; 25: 1017-1058Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), activates lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) (5.Fielding C.J. Shore V.G. Fielding P.E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1972; 270: 513-518Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar), is required for binding of phospholipid transfer protein to HDL (6.Pussinen P.J. Jauhiainen M. Metso J. Pyle L.E. Marcel Y.L. Fidge N.H. Ehnholm C. J. Lipid Res. 1998; 39: 152-161Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and mediates the interaction of HDL with cells (7.Sviridov D.D. Ehnholm C. Tenkanen H. Pavlov M.Y. Safonova I.G. Repin V.S. FEBS Lett. 1992; 303: 202-204Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar, 8.Vadiveloo P.K. Allan C.M. Murray B.J. Fidge N.H. Biochemistry. 1993; 32: 9480-9485Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). Lipid-free and lipid-bound apoA-I are efficient acceptors of cholesterol released from the cell plasma membrane (9.Phillips M.C. McLean L.R. Stoudt G.W. Rothblat G.H. Atherosclerosis. 1980; 36: 409-422Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (79) Google Scholar, 10.Yancey P.G. Bielicki J.K. Johnson W.J. Lund-Katz S. Palgunachari M.N. Anantharamaiah G.M. Segrest J.P. Phillips M.C. Rothblat G.H. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 7955-7965Crossref PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar). ApoA-I regulates the translocation of intracellular cholesterol to the plasma membrane (11.Slotte J.P. Oram J.F. Bierman E.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1987; 262: 12904-12907Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 12.Oram J.F. Yokoyama S. J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 2473-2491Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), promotes efflux of intracellular cholesterol (13.Oikawa S. Mendez A.J. Oram J.F. Bierman E.L. Cheung M.C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1993; 1165: 327-334Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 14.Sviridov D. Fidge N. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 1887-1896Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 15.Sviridov D. Pyle L. Fidge N. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 189-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 16.Oram J.F. Mendez A.J. Slotte J.P. Johnson T.F. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1991; 11: 403-414Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar), triggers signaling pathways that could be related to cholesterol efflux (17.Garver W.S. Deeg M.A. Bowen R.F. Culala M.M. Bierman E.L. Oram J.F. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 2698-2706Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 18.Deeg M.A. Bowen R.F. Oram J.F. Bierman E.L. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 1667-1674Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 19.Mendez A.J. Oram J.F. Bierman E.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 10104-10111Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and regulates expression of adhesion molecules (20.Ashby D.T. Rye K.-A. Clay M.A. Vadas M.A. Gamble J.R. Barter P.J. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1998; 18: 1450-1455Crossref PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar). Many of these activities are related to the unique secondary structure of apoA-I: when bound to lipid, apoA-I consists of nine 22-mer and two 11-mer amphipathic α-helices spanning almost the entire length of apoA-I (21.Segrest J.P. Jones M.K. De Loof H. Brouillette C.G. Venkatachalapathi Y.V. Anantharamaiah G.M. J. Lipid Res. 1992; 33: 141-166Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Amphipathic α-helices are essential for the lipid binding properties of apoA-I and for those functions of apoA-I that rely on its interaction with lipids. This, however, creates a problem in analyzing the structure-function relationship of the protein: most mutations as well as monoclonal antibodies, which have been used to probe apoA-I, affect its secondary structure and lipid binding properties, masking the possible direct effect of a sequence alteration or the blocking of an active site. In this study, we describe a strategy to overcome this constraint. This approach involved designing a series of mutations, some that were predicted to affect or not the 22-mer α-helical repeat structure of apoA-I, and another mutation in which a selected region between amino acids 140 and 150 of apoA-I was substituted with another sequence of very similar structure. The sequence between amino acids 140 and 150 belongs to the central domain of apoA-I that is implicated in the ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT and that may also be involved in the stimulation of efflux of intracellular cholesterol (15.Sviridov D. Pyle L. Fidge N. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 189-196Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar). In this paper, we report the lipid binding and LCAT activation properties of these apoA-I mutants. We found that mutations within a segment of apoA-I between amino acids 140 and 150 reduce the ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT independently of their effect on the secondary structure of apoA-I. We also show that in addition to the carboxyl-terminal end sites, a lipid-binding domain of apoA-I might also reside between amino acids 63 and 73. The construction, expression, and verification of the recombinant apoA-I mutants were as described in detail previously(22). Briefly, three mutations, apoA-I(P143A), apoA-I(R149V), and apoA-I(Δ140–150), were constructed utilizing the U.S.E. mutagenesis system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Boronia, Victoria, Australia) and the pGEX-KN proapoA-I plasmid made previously (23.Pyle L.E. Sawyer W.H. Fujiwara Y. Mitchell A. Fidge N.H. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 12046-12052Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar). Mutated apoA-I fragments were subcloned into the BacPak8 plasmid containing pre-ΔproapoA-I (BacPak8ΔprohAI) (24.Pyle L.E. Fidge N.H. Barton P.A. Luong A. Sviridov D. Anal. Biochem. 1997; 253: 253-258Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar) using the restriction endonuclease sites MluNI and EcoRI. For the deletion of apoA-I residues 63–73, the Stratagene QuickChange site-directed mutagenesis kit was utilized. For the apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73) substitution, a mutated DNA fragment of apoA-I was generated from pGEX-KN proapoA-I by polymerase chain reaction utilizing a 5′-mutagenic primer and a 3′-primer, both flanked with the restriction endonuclease sequence AlwNI. The polymerase chain reaction product was recloned into the original pGEX-KN proapoA-I plasmid using the AlwNI sites to give the complete and mutated apoA-I fragment, which was further subcloned into the BacPak8ΔprohAI plasmid using the restriction sites Bsu36I and EcoRI to give the final construct. All mutant construct plasmids were verified by DNA sequencing for their correct sequence. All apoA-I mutants were expressed in a baculovirus/insect cell expression system as described previously (24.Pyle L.E. Fidge N.H. Barton P.A. Luong A. Sviridov D. Anal. Biochem. 1997; 253: 253-258Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar). Human plasma apoA-I was isolated and purified as described previously (25.Morrison J.R. Fidge N.H. Grego B. Anal. Biochem. 1990; 186: 145-152Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar). Concentration of the proteins was measured according to Bradford (26.Bradford M.M. Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-256Crossref PubMed Scopus (217548) Google Scholar). Reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) was prepared by the sodium cholate dialysis method according to Jonaset al. (27.Matz C.E. Jonas A. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 4535-4540Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 28.Jonas A. Kezdy K.E. Wald J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 4818-4824Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) using palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) (Sigma, Castle Hill, New South Wales, Australia), apoA-I, and sodium cholate (Sigma) in a molar ratio of 80:1:80. After the removal of sodium cholate by dialysis, the rHDL preparations were examined by electrophoresis on 3–30% nondenaturing gradient polyacrylamide gels (Gradipore, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia) run at 2500 V-h. Following staining with Coomassie Blue, gels were scanned, and the size of the rHDL particles was calculated against high molecular weight calibration standards (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The chemical composition of the particles was determined by the Bradford protein assay (26.Bradford M.M. Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-256Crossref PubMed Scopus (217548) Google Scholar) and the enzymatic/fluorometric phospholipid assay (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Castle Hill). To determine the number of apoA-I molecules in rHDL particles, rHDL preparations (final concentration of 15 μm protein) were incubated for 30 min at room temperature with bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (final concentration of 0.25 mm; BS3, Pierce). The reaction was stopped by addition of 50 mm Tris-HCl (pH 7.3) and incubated a further 15 min at room temperature. Samples were analyzed by 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting. LCAT was purified from human plasma by the method of Chen and Albers (29.Chen C.H. Albers J.J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1985; 834: 188-195Crossref PubMed Scopus (24) Google Scholar) with modifications. Briefly, the purification procedure involved the following steps: (i) precipitation with dextran sulfate/Mg2+ solution (final concentration of 1 g/liter); (ii) chromatography on a phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech); loading in buffer containing 10 mm Tris, 1 m NaCl, and 1 mm EDTA (pH 8.0) and elution with H2O; (iii) removal of albumin by chromatography on an Affi-Gel blue column (Bio-Rad, Regents Park, New South Wales); (iv) chromatography on a DEAE-Sephacel column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) eluting with a linear Tris/NaCl gradient (1 mm Tris and 25 mm NaCl to 10 mmTris and 200 mm NaCl (pH 7.4)); (v) removal of contaminating apoA-I by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The substrate particles were prepared by adding apolipoproteins to a solution containing egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol (Sigma), and [3H]cholesterol (specific radioactivity 1.81 TBq/mmol; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Castle Hill) in 12 mm sodium cholate in Tris buffer (10 mmTris, 140 mm NaCl, and 1 mm EDTA (pH 7.4)); sodium cholate was then removed by dialysis (28.Jonas A. Kezdy K.E. Wald J.H. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 4818-4824Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 30.Matz C.E. Jonas A. J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 4541-4546Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The final phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/apoA-I ratio was 100:10:1 (mol/mol/mol). The complexes were analyzed by electrophoresis on 3–30% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels as described above for rHDL. All complexes were of a similar size and represented by two populations of particles with the Stokes diameters of 10.1 and 8.4 nm. The apoA-I·phosphatidylcholine·cholesterol complexes were assayed in duplicate using 0–2 μm concentrations of each substrate in a final concentration of 10 mm Tris, 140 mm NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, and 0.6% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (essentially fatty-acid free; Sigma) at pH 7.4. After a 15-min preincubation at 37 °C, β-mercaptoethanol was added to a final concentration of 2 mm, and the reaction was initiated by addition of LCAT. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 min at 37 °C and was arrested by addition of 1 ml of absolute ethanol. Lipids were extracted, and the cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were separated by thin-layer chromatography (14.Sviridov D. Fidge N. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 1887-1896Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The conversion rate was kept below 15% to maintain first-order kinetics. The apparentV max and K m were determined from plots of cholesterol concentration ([S]) against rate of cholesteryl ester formation (V), and data were fitted to Michaelis-Menten kinetics of V =V max[S]/K m + [S]. Dry dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC; Sigma) was sonicated in Tris buffer (pH 8.0) to form multilamellar liposomes. Apolipoproteins (final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml) were preincubated for 10 min at 24.5 °C, and the reaction was initiated by adding DMPC liposomes (final DMPC concentration of 0.5 mg/ml). The reduction of absorption at 325 nm (light scattering) was monitored for 1.5 h at 2-min intervals at 24.5 °C to assess formation of apoA-I·DMPC complexes. For each recombinant apoA-I, rate constants (k) and half-times (t 12) were determined from plots of fractional absorption at 325 nm (A) against time (minutes), and data were fitted to second-order kinetics of A = 1/(1 + kt). The stability of apoA-I rHDL was determined by measuring the ellipticity at 222 nm of rHDL in the presence of increasing concentrations of GdnHCl. Briefly, 60 μg of apoA-I rHDL was incubated with 0–6 m GdnHCl (final volume of 300 μl) for 50 h at 4 °C. The ellipticity of the samples and appropriate blanks was measured at 222 nm using a 0.5-mm quartz cell in an Aviv Model 62DS spectrometer. Twenty measurements of each sample were averaged, and the average ellipticity at 222 nm was determined. The ellipticity values (millidegrees) were converted to mean residue ellipticity after blank subtraction. The percentage of α-helical content of rHDL was calculated by the equation of Chenet al. (31.Chen Y. Yang J.T. Martinez H.M. Biochemistry. 1972; 11: 4120-4141Crossref PubMed Scopus (1913) Google Scholar). The concentration of GdnHCl at which denaturation of apoA-I was 50% completed (D 12) and the standard free energy of denaturation (ΔG d0) were calculated according to Sparks et al. (32.Sparks D.L. Lund-Katz S. Phillips M.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 25839-25847Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Predicted hydrophobicity (Kyte-Doolittle), average charge, and amphipathicity (Eisenberg) of the regions of apoA-I were calculated using Protean software (DNASTAR Inc.). Wheel diagrams and predicted orientations of α-helices were generated using Antheprot Version 4.0 (Microsoft). The predicted effects of the various mutations on the structure of apoA-I are schematically shown in Fig. 1. Deletion of the target sequence, amino acids 140–150 (apoA-I(Δ140–150)), slightly increases the overall hydrophobicity of the region. However, since the deleted area includes a proline residue (Pro143), which separates two α-helical repeats, this mutation is predicted to substitute two 22-mer α-helical repeats with one longer α-helical region (Fig. 1, A and B). Substituting alanine for proline 143 (apoA-I(P143A)) also slightly increases hydrophobicity, but results in a fusion of two α-helical repeats, and this is predicted to have a significant effect on the structure of apoA-I (Fig. 1, A and C). Substitution of valine for arginine 149 (apoA-I(R149V)) adds an extra hydrophobic domain, increasing the overall hydrophobicity and reducing the average charge of the region. This mutation, however, is predicted to have little effect on the secondary structure of the region: Arg149 is positioned on the border between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic faces of the helix, and the type, length, and orientation of the α-helix should be only minimally affected (Fig. 1,A and D). The region between amino acids 63 and 73 is predicted to have a secondary structure very similar to the target sequence 140–150, but it is located at the amino-terminal region of apoA-I. It has one additional hydrophobic domain (Trp72); consequently, deletion of amino acids 63–73 (apoA-I(Δ63–73)) will reduce hydrophobicity of the region, but its effect on the overall structure of apoA-I is predicted to be similar to the deletion of amino acids 140–150 (Fig. 1, A,B, and E). The substitution of region 140–150 with region 63–73 (apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73)) is predicted to have little effect on the overall structure of apoA-I. It adds an extra hydrophobic amino acid to the target region (Trp149); however, the length, type, and orientation of the helix are not predicted to change (Fig. 1, A and F). To investigate the ability of apoA-I mutants to activate LCAT, kinetic studies were conducted. Human plasma apoA-I was used as a control in these and other experiments, as we did not find any difference in the properties examined in this study between human plasma apoA-I and recombinant mature apoA-I. 2D. Sviridov, L. E. Pyle, and N. Fidge, submitted for publication. The dependence of LCAT activity on the apoA-I concentration is presented in Fig. 2, and the apparentK m and V max are summarized in Table I. Two mutations that were predicted to cause a significant impact on the structure of the target region, apoA-I(Δ140–150) and apoA-I(P143A), caused a 15–20-fold reduction in the ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT (V max/K m). This was due to both a lower apparent V max and higher apparentK m. Two other mutations predicted to have a limited effect on the structure of the target region, apoA-I(R149V) and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73), caused 4- and 42-fold reductions, respectively, in the ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT. The effect of the mutation apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73) was due to both a lowerV max and higher K m, whereas the effect of the mutation apoA-I(R149V) was entirely due to a lower apparent V max. The mutation apoA-I(Δ63–73) caused a 5-fold reduction in LCAT activation, an effect entirely due to a higher apparent K m.Table ILCAT activation by apoA-I mutantsMutantApparent V maxApparentK mV max/K mnmol CE/h/ml LCATμmHuman apoA-I44 ± 1.50.14 ± 0.02314ApoA-I(Δ140–150)9.0 ± 1.0 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).0.6 ± 0.2 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).15ApoA-I(P143A)13 ± 1.0 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).0.6 ± 0.2 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).22ApoA-I(R149V)14 ± 1.0 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).0.16 ± 0.0687.5ApoA-I(Δ63–73)41 ± 3.00.7 ± 0.1 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).59ApoA-I(140–150 → 63–73)6.0 ± 0.9 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).0.8 ± 0.3 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).7.5Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 2. The apparent V max and K m were determined from plots of cholesterol concentration ([S]) against rate of cholesteryl ester (CE) formation (V), and data were fitted to Michaelis-Menten kinetics of V =V max[S]/K m + [S]. Means ± S.D. are given.a p < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I). Open table in a new tab Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 2. The apparent V max and K m were determined from plots of cholesterol concentration ([S]) against rate of cholesteryl ester (CE) formation (V), and data were fitted to Michaelis-Menten kinetics of V =V max[S]/K m + [S]. Means ± S.D. are given. The ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT may depend on its capacity to bind and to form proper complexes with phospholipid. Thus, the ability of apoA-I mutants to bind DMPC was analyzed in time course experiments (Fig.3), and the rate constants andt 12 are presented in TableII. Wild-type human apoA-I, apoA-I(R149V), and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73) showed very similar rates of lipid binding. The capacity of apoA-I(P143A) to bind DMPC was half that of human apoA-I (p < 0.01), and the rate was 30% slower. DMPC binding to apoA-I(Δ140–150) was faster, with at 12 almost 7-fold lower compared with its binding to human apoA-I. The capacity and the rate of DMPC binding to apoA-I(Δ63–73) were 4.5-fold lower than to human apoA-I.Table IIInteraction of DMPC with apoA-I mutantsMutantRate constantt 1/2min −1minHuman apoA-I0.09 ± 0.00411ApoA-I(Δ140–150)0.7 ± 0.02 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).1.4ApoA-I(P143A)0.07 ± 0.00414ApoA-I(R149V)0.13 ± 0.0037.7ApoA-I(Δ63–73)0.02 ± 0.001 ap < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I).50ApoA-I(140–150 → 63–73)0.15 ± 0.0066.7Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 3. Rate constants (k) and halftimes (t 1/2) were determined from plots of fractional absorption at 325 nm against time (minutes), and data were fitted to second-order kinetics ofA = 1/(1 + kt). Means ± S.D. are given.a p < 0.001 (versus human apoA-I). Open table in a new tab Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 3. Rate constants (k) and halftimes (t 1/2) were determined from plots of fractional absorption at 325 nm against time (minutes), and data were fitted to second-order kinetics ofA = 1/(1 + kt). Means ± S.D. are given. To study the properties of apoA-I·phospholipid complexes, we characterized reconstituted discoid HDL prepared from POPC and various mutants (initial POPC/apoA-I ratio of 80:1 (mol/mol)). Fig.4 shows densitometric analysis of nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels, and TableIII summarizes the size and composition of the particles. All particles contained two molecules of apoA-I/particle. Human apoA-I, apoA-I(Δ140–150), and apoA-I(R149V) formed single type particles with a diameter of ∼10 nm and a POPC/apoA-I ratio of 70–80:1. ApoA-I(Δ63–73) formed a single class of particles 0.5 nm larger compared with human apoA-I. ApoA-I(140–150 → 63–73) formed two overlapping populations of rHDL, one with the usual size of 10 nm and another slightly larger, 10.6 nm. The mutant apoA-I(P143A) formed a very heterogeneous population of particles with a size of 6–10.5 nm; the POPC/apoA-I ratio was 92:1, suggesting that not all of apoA-I was incorporated into rHDL particles. This is consistent with the major impact of this mutation on the 22-mer α-helical repeat structure of apoA-I.Table IIIComposition and size of rHDLMutantPC aPhosphatidylcholine. /apoA-I compositionStokes diameterNo. of apoA-I/particlemol/molnmHuman apoA-I69 :19.92ApoA-I(Δ140–150)82 :19.92ApoA-I(P143A)92 :16–10.52ApoA-I(R149V)81 :110.02ApoA-I(Δ63–73)75 :110.52ApoA-I(140–150 → 63–73)72 :110.0, 10.62a Phosphatidylcholine. Open table in a new tab The stability of apoA-I on the surface of rHDL particles was analyzed by incubating HDL with increasing concentrations of GdnHCl and by monitoring the decrease in ellipticity at 222 nm. Denaturation curves are shown in Fig. 5, and parameters are presented in Table IV. Mutations apoA-I(P143A) and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73) resulted in no change in the midpoint of the denaturation curve (D 12), the free energy of denaturation at zero GdnHCl concentration (ΔG d0), and the percentage of α-helix in apoA-I. This indicates that these two mutations do not affect the stability of the α-helical structure of apoA-I in rHDL. Two other mutations, apoA-I(R149V) and apoA-I(Δ140–150), resulted in a slight, but statistically significant reduction in the stability of the α-helical structure of apoA-I rHDL: D 12, ΔG d0, and the proportion of α-helices were all reduced. Since both mutations are predicted to increase the hydrophobicity of the region, the most likely explanation for the lower stability of apoA-I(R149V) and apoA-I(Δ140–150) is an impaired helix-helix interaction. The biggest effect was, however, observed with the mutant apoA-I(Δ63–73): bothD 12 and ΔG d0 were significantly reduced. In view of the possibility that region 63–73 may belong to a second lipid-binding domain of apoA-I (see “Discussion”), the low stability of apoA-I(Δ63–73) rHDL could be related to the impaired interaction of an apoA-I mutant with lipids.Table IVEffect of mutations on apoA-I rHDL stabilityMutantD 1/2 aConcentration of GdnHCl needed to denature 50% of apoA-I.ΔG d0 bStandard change in free energy of denaturation at zero GdnHCl concentration.α-Helix cPercentage of α-helical content.mkJ/mol%Human apoA-I2.5 ± 0.37.5 ± 0.983ApoA-I(Δ140–150)1.5 ± 0.2 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).4.2 ± 0.9 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).72ApoA-I(P143A)2.5 ± 0.37.5 ± 0.984ApoA-I(R149V)1.4 ± 0.2 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).3.8 ± 1.1 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).72ApoA-I(Δ63–73)0.7 ± 0.1 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).1.7 ± 1.1 dp < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I).78ApoA-I(140–150 → 63–73)2.4 ± 0.27.4 ± 0.183Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 5.D 1/2 and ΔG d0 were calculated according to Sparks et al. (32.Sparks D.L. Lund-Katz S. Phillips M.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 25839-25847Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and percentage of α-helix was calculated according to Chen et al. (31.Chen Y. Yang J.T. Martinez H.M. Biochemistry. 1972; 11: 4120-4141Crossref PubMed Scopus (1913) Google Scholar). Means ± S.D. are given.a Concentration of GdnHCl needed to denature 50% of apoA-I.b Standard change in free energy of denaturation at zero GdnHCl concentration.c Percentage of α-helical content.d p < 0.001 (versushuman apoA-I). Open table in a new tab Experiments were performed as described in the legend to Fig. 5.D 1/2 and ΔG d0 were calculated according to Sparks et al. (32.Sparks D.L. Lund-Katz S. Phillips M.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 25839-25847Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and percentage of α-helix was calculated according to Chen et al. (31.Chen Y. Yang J.T. Martinez H.M. Biochemistry. 1972; 11: 4120-4141Crossref PubMed Scopus (1913) Google Scholar). Means ± S.D. are given. LCAT is an important element of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. LCAT reacts with discoid and spherical HDLs, transferring the 2-acyl group of lecithin or phosphatidylethanolamine to the free hydroxyl residue of cholesterol (33.Jonas A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1991; 1084: 205-220Crossref PubMed Scopus (197) Google Scholar). Esterified cholesterol is transferred to the core of the HDL particle, which precludes spontaneous cholesterol exchange with cells and other lipoproteins and vacates a space for more cellular cholesterol to be incorporated into the HDL particle (1.Fielding C.J. Fielding P.E. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 211-228Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). In blood, LCAT is mainly associated with HDL particles (1.Fielding C.J. Fielding P.E. J. Lipid Res. 1995; 36: 211-228Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), and apoA-I is essential for the activation of LCAT (5.Fielding C.J. Shore V.G. Fielding P.E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1972; 270: 513-518Crossref PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar). The exact mechanism of LCAT activation by apoA-I is not known and may include proper organization of lipid substrates, mediation of binding of LCAT to the substrate, as well as a direct allosteric effect on the LCAT activity. Several reports published in recent years have examined the relationship between the structure of apoA-I and its ability to activate LCAT. Most data implicate the central region of apoA-I and include results of studies with monoclonal antibodies (34.Uboldi P. Spoladore M. Fantappie S. Marcovina S. Catapano A.L. J. Lipid Res. 1996; 37: 2557-2568Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 35.Meng Q.H. Calabresi L. Fruchart J.C. Marcel Y.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 16966-16973Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), site-directed mutagenesis (36.Sorci-Thomas M. Kearns M.W. Lee J.P. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 21403-21409Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 37.Sorci-Thomas M.G. Curtiss L. Parks J.S. Thomas M.J. Kearns M.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 7278-7284Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 38.Minnich A. Collet X. Roghani A. Cladaras C. Hamilton R.L. Fielding C.J. Zannis V.I. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 16553-16560Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 39.Holvoet P. Zhao Z. Vanloo B. Vos R. Deridder E. Dhoest A. Taveirne J. Brouwers P. Demarsin E. Engelborghs Y. Rosseneu M. Collen D. Brasseur R. Biochemistry. 1995; 34: 13334-13342Crossref PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar, 40.Dhoest A. Zhao Z. De Geest B. Deridder E. Sillen A. Engelborghs Y. Collen D. Holvoet P. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 15967-15972Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 41.Frank P.G. N′Guyen D. Franklin V. Neville T. Desforges M. Rassart E. Sparks D.L. Marcel Y.L. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 13902-13909Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar), natural apoA-I mutants (42.Miettinen H.E. Gylling H. Miettinen T.A. Viikari J. Paulin L. Kontula K. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 83-90Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar, 43.Lindholm E.M. Bielicki J.K. Curtiss L.K. Rubin E.M. Forte T.M. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 4863-4868Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar), and synthetic peptides (44.Labeur C. Lins L. Vanloo B. Baert J. Brasseur R. Rosseneu M. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1997; 17: 580-588Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar). However, whereas these studies identify the region of apoA-I that is important for LCAT activation, they do not describe the sequence of apoA-I involved in the activation of LCAT or indicate a requirement for such a sequence. The most convincing results suggest a role for two α-helices, regions 143–164 and 165–186, as apoA-I “active sites” for LCAT activation (37.Sorci-Thomas M.G. Curtiss L. Parks J.S. Thomas M.J. Kearns M.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 7278-7284Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar, 40.Dhoest A. Zhao Z. De Geest B. Deridder E. Sillen A. Engelborghs Y. Collen D. Holvoet P. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272: 15967-15972Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 41.Frank P.G. N′Guyen D. Franklin V. Neville T. Desforges M. Rassart E. Sparks D.L. Marcel Y.L. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 13902-13909Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 45.Sorci-Thomas M.G. Curtiss L. Parks J.S. Thomas M.J. Kearns M.W. Landrum M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 11776-11782Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar). These data were obtained, however, by deleting or substituting one or both 22-mer repeats. Considering the importance of the number, length, hydrophobic properties, and orientation of the α-helical repeats for the correct organization of the apoA-I·phosphatidylcholine complex, these types of mutations would almost certainly affect the structure of the apoA-I·phosphatidylcholine substrate, making it difficult to distinguish between the effects of mutations on the properties of the substrate and on the direct activation of LCAT. Sorci-Thomas et al. (45.Sorci-Thomas M.G. Curtiss L. Parks J.S. Thomas M.J. Kearns M.W. Landrum M. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 11776-11782Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar) have recently reported that inverting the sequence of domain 143–164 of apoA-I also reduces LCAT activation. This mutation, although changing the orientation of the hydrophobic face of the α-helix, has the least effect on the physical properties of the region, which indicates that a specific sequence of apoA-I may be involved in the direct activation of LCAT. In this study, we demonstrate that mutations in the region of apoA-I between amino acids 140 and 150 lead to a dramatic reduction in the ability of apoA-I to activate LCAT. Both mutations that potentially change the size and conformation of α-helical repeats, apoA-I(Δ140–150) and apoA-I(P143A), affected both the apparentV max and K m. The mutant apoA-I(P143A) showed a reduced ability to bind DMPC, failed to form homogeneous rHDL particles, and most likely is unable to organize the structure of the substrate needed for LCAT reaction. The natural mutant apoA-I(P143R)Giessen is also defective in LCAT activation (46.Utermann G. Haas J. Steinmetz A. Paetzold R. Rall Jr., S.C. Weisgraber K.H. Mahley R.W. Eur. J. Biochem. 1984; 144: 325-331Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). Another mutation, apoA-I(Δ140–150), had an opposite effect on the structure of rHDL. This mutant formed the normal 9.9-nm rHDL particles and was more efficient than wild-type apoA-I in a DMPC binding assay, although the stability of apoA-I(Δ140–150) rHDL was slightly reduced. It is tempting to speculate that region 140–150 has a flexible and unstable conformation, a property consistent with its being a “receptor-binding” or an active site domain of an otherwise rigid molecule. However, this mutation can also affect the optimal alignment and flexibility of apoA-I on the surface of the particle, which may be an important determinant for the interaction of LCAT with the substrate. An interesting comparison for our data is that of the natural mutation apoA-I(Δ146–160)Seattle. Although this mutant forms larger rHDL particles than human apoA-I, the alignment of the carboxyl-terminal end of apoA-I, responsible for the lipid binding, is altered, and LCAT activation by this mutant is significantly reduced (43.Lindholm E.M. Bielicki J.K. Curtiss L.K. Rubin E.M. Forte T.M. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 4863-4868Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar). Two mutations that potentially do not change the size and conformation of 22-mer α-helical repeats around the target area, apoA-I(R149V) and apoA-I(140–150 → 63–73), also reduced LCAT activation. The degree of reduction was disproportional to the effect of these mutations on the structure of the substrate particles; these mutants were similar to human apoA-I with respect to DMPC binding and formation of rHDL particles. The stability and α-helical content of apoA-I(R149V) rHDL were slightly reduced, which could contribute to the reduction in LCAT activation. Overall, however, it is unlikely that the lipid binding properties of apoA-I or the structure of the substrate particle was responsible for the decrease in catalytic efficiency of these two mutants. Rather, the region between amino acids 140 and 150 could be a part of the site of apoA-I that is involved in the activation of LCAT. Since the mutation apoA-I(R149V) affected only the apparentV max, we speculate that Arg149 could be a part of an active site without affecting the binding of LCAT. Although this position may be important for LCAT activation, substitution of the whole region further reduced theV max, which makes it more likely that other parts of the region are involved in the activation of LCAT. The mutation at the amino-terminal half of apoA-I, apoA-I(Δ63–73), also reduced LCAT activation, but to a much lesser extent. Moreover, this reduction was entirely attributable to the higher apparentK m, suggesting that reduced binding affinity of LCAT for the substrate was responsible for the effect. This reducedK m could be related to the lipid binding properties of the mutant (see below). Thus, two mutations that are likely to impose similar changes on the 22-mer α-helical repeat structure of apoA-I, but that are located in different α-helices, have very different impact on LCAT activation properties. This again suggests the requirement for a specific amino acid sequence in apoA-I for LCAT activation. The mutant apoA-I(Δ63–73) had a severely impaired ability to bind DMPC, and although it formed rHDL particles of the usual size, the stability of apoA-I in these particles was significantly reduced. We have previously suggested that in addition to the strong lipid-binding region at the carboxyl-terminal end, the amino-terminal half of apoA-I may also possess a lipid-binding domain (47.Sviridov D. Pyle L.E. Fidge N. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 33277-33283Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar). The possibility of the presence of the second lipid-binding domain in this region of apoA-I was also indicated by Palgunachari et al. (48.Palgunachari M.N. Mishra V.K. Lund-Katz S. Phillips M.C. Adeyeye S.O. Alluri S. Anantharamaiah G.M. Segrest J.P. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1996; 16: 328-338Crossref PubMed Scopus (204) Google Scholar) and Mishraet al. (49.Mishra V.K. Palgunachari M.N. Datta G. Phillips M.C. Lund-Katz S. Adeyeye S.O. Segrest J.P. Anantharamaiah G.M. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 10313-10324Crossref PubMed Scopus (79) Google Scholar) from the results of experiments with model synthetic peptides. We suggest that the region between amino acids 63 and 73 is a part of this second lipid-binding region of apoA-I. Combined, our results suggest that although the correct conformation and orientation of apoA-I in HDL are crucial for the binding of LCAT to the substrate and its activity, when this condition is fulfilled, the activation of LCAT may also depend on a specific sequence that includes amino acids 140–150. We are grateful to R. Chan for assistance in CD measurements." @default.
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• W1978751015 title "Identification of a Sequence of Apolipoprotein A-I Associated with the Activation of Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase" @default.
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