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• W1980495087 abstract "Detailed monitoring of three drip sites in New St Michael’s Cave, Gibraltar, reveals a strongly coherent seasonal pattern of dripwater chemistry despite each site having significantly different flow paths and discharge patterns. Calcite saturation is closely linked to regular seasonal variations in cave air pCO2 caused by seasonally reversing ventilation driven by temperature difference between the cave interior and the air outside. A coupled model of CO2 degassing and calcite precipitation links seasonal dC variations in coexisting dripwater, cave air CO2 and speleothem calcite to large variations in pCO2 that are driven by cave ventilation. The relationships between stable isotope ratios, Sr/Ca and speleothem fabrics across annually formed calcite laminae are consistent with a degassing–calcite precipitation process in which rapid degassing controls the dC of both drip water DIC and calcite whereas a much slower rate of calcite precipitation causes seasonal cycles of Sr in a more complex manner. By demonstrating the causes of laminated speleothem fabrics plus trace element and isotope cycles in modern speleothem from a closely monitored cave, this study provides clear links between the local microclimate and the proxy record provided by speleothem geochemistry. In Gibraltar, low cave air pCO2 in summer is unusual compared to what has been revealed by cave monitoring carried out elsewhere and shows that caution is needed when linking paired speleothem fabrics to specific seasons without knowledge of local processes operating in the cave. Speleothems provide continuous and precisely dated records of past environmental change which have advanced understanding of climate variability on timescales from glacial–interglacial cycles (Wang et al. 2008) down to seasonal patterns of precipitation (Borsato et al. 2007). Speleothem deposition in stable cave environments can record changes in surface climate as variations in properties such as extension rate, trace element abundances and stable isotopes (McDermott 2004; Fairchild et al. 2006a) but the causal relationships between these proxies and climate are not always fully understood. For some proxies they appear to be straightforward, for example the dependence of extension rate on the amount of rainfall (Baker et al. 2008), but for others such as stable isotopes interpretations have often been based on assumptions and guesswork regarding the aspects of climate that are most closely reflected. Ideally, any proxy-climate transfer function used should be based on a full understanding of the physico-chemical workings of the local climate–karst-cave system and its influences on the recording process. Careful, multi-annual monitoring of the cave microclimate, dripwater chemistry and calcite growth mechanisms reveals some of the local effects that may modify the climate recording process. Some of the important issues include the relationships between precipitation, recharge, drip rates and solute chemistry (Bottrell & Atkinson 1991; Genty & Deflandre 1998; Baker & Brunsdon 2003; Tooth & Fairchild 2003; Cruz et al. 2005; Baldini et al. 2006; Genty 2008), the role of seasonal ventilation and degassing (Ek & Gewelt 1985; Bar-Matthews et al. 1996; Spotl et al. 2005; Banner et al. 2007; Baldini et al. 2008) and the impact of kinetic factors such as fast degassing or crystal chemical effects on CaCO3 growth (Hendy 1971; Mickler et al. 2004, 2006). Knowledge of these local processes and their stability through time are a critical step in the derivation of reliable climate–proxy transfer functions that can be used for quantitative climate reconstruction. From: PEDLEY, H. M. & ROGERSON, M. (eds) Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 336, 323–344. DOI: 10.1144/SP336.17 0305-8719/10/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2010. Several recent studies of speleothem records at high resolutions have revealed climate features on seasonal (Treble et al. 2003; Johnson et al. 2006; Banner et al. 2007; Mattey et al. 2008) or even synoptic time scales (Frappier et al. 2002) which provide the critical direct link between the local weather and how it is recorded during the speleothem deposition process. Speleothem calcite deposition in caves is commonly seen to be cyclical, resulting in the development of laminae defined by alternating pairs of fabrics (Baker et al. 2008; Genty & Quinif 1996). Using constraints from growth on dated artefacts and C analyses (Baldini et al. 2005; Genty et al. 2001; Tan et al. 2006; Mattey et al. 2008) cyclic laminae have sometimes been shown to be annual features and related to strong seasonality of the local climate. Annual growth laminae provide a means of deriving a chronology at the best possible precision, and may also preserve trace element and stable isotope patterns that can be related to the local climate and hydrological cycle. Our work in Gibraltar combines comprehensive multi-annual cave monitoring with high resolution analyses of fabric, trace elements and stable isotopes in modern speleothem. A recent study of a modern stalagmite from New St. Michaels Cave (Mattey et al. 2008) revealed annual growth laminae which preserve exceptionally well-defined seasonal dC and dO cycles linked to ventilation. We were able to identify the dO of winter dripwater from the complex seasonally resolved speleothem record and show excellent inter-annual correspondence with the dO of winter precipitation. In the present paper we present a more detailed overview of the results of the first 4 years of cave environment monitoring which includes local meteorology, cave and soil temperature, humidity and pCO2, and of drip discharge and monthly analysis of drip water for trace element and isotopic analysis. The monitoring data enable the seasonally resolved speleothem fabric, trace element and isotope record to be precisely linked to the nature and timing of local processes in the soil, cave air and local climate. We propose a coupled CO2 degassing–calcite precipitation model which links the development of annual cycles in dC and Sr with the effects of seasonal cave ventilation. Regional setting, monitoring techniques and analytical methods Old and New St Michaels Caves The Rock of Gibraltar, located where the Atlantic meets the Mediterranean at the junction of Europe and Africa, forms a North–South trending ridge 2.5 km long with a maximum elevation of 423 m (Fig. 1). The ridge is asymmetric, having a steep to near-vertical eastern slope which is partly banked by Pleistocene sand-dune deposits, and a western slope falling more steadily at 358 towards the town of Gibraltar near sea level. Above 100 m altitude the western slopes are covered in Mediterranean scrub forest with low rock outcrops of the Gibraltar limestone. The peninsula of Gibraltar links the Betic and Rif mountain chains, which form the southwestern end of the Mediterranean Alpine belt and is mainly composed of early Jurassic age limestone and dolomite which form the lower limb of an overturned nappe (Rose & Rosenbaum 1991). These beds dip steeply to the west and although there are no surface streams, swallets or resurgence features, the dolomites and limestones contain many solution caves located at altitudes ranging from below present sea level to near the summit ridge at over 400 m. Many caves have natural entrances exposed by erosion, but other significant caves have also been revealed though tunneling (Rosenbaum & Rose 1991). The location and a plan of St Michaels Cave is shown on Figures 1 and 2. Old St Michaels Cave (OSM) (Shaw 1955) has been known since Roman times and is open to tourists as a show cave. The cave has developed in faulted dolomitic limestone creating a large main chamber. Dissolution has also followed bedding planes, creating minor caves linked to OSM and forming natural entrances to the system. During World War II, a new access tunnel was driven into the lowest part of the show cave, known as the Hospital, exposing a lower series of solution rifts leading southwards along the strike of the Gibraltar limestone at an altitude of around 325 m (Fig. 2). This system, New St Michaels Cave (NSM) (Shaw 1954), rivals the old show cave system in terms of the scale of speleothem decoration, and also contains a 6 m deep lake which accumulates water from seepages and drips entering the southern part of NSM. Gibraltar caves such as the St Michaels system preserve evidence of phreatic origins and have since undergone several phases of draining and decoration with secondary speleothem deposits (Tratman 1971). Because the present altitude of the large St Michaels system is over 300 m asl, the phreatic features indicate that these caves have undergone significant uplift to their present position (Tratman 1971; Rose & Rosenbaum 1991; Rodrigues-Vidal et al. 2004). Tunnelling near sea level in the 19th century revealed more large natural caves such as the Ragged Staff system with similar overall morphology but with far less speleothem deposition. Ragged Staff Cave contains brackish lakes with water filled passages extending D. P. MATTEY ET AL. 324" @default.
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• W1980495087 title "Seasonal microclimate control of calcite fabrics, stable isotopes and trace elements in modern speleothem from St Michaels Cave, Gibraltar" @default.
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