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• W1983504549 abstract "In a recent correspondence, Vincenzi et al. (2009) raised concerns about mixing populations of Kirikuchi charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus, as a strategy to reduce the risk of inbreeding depression, which we previously suggested as a necessity (Sato & Harada, 2008). In summary, their concerns are that (1) outbreeding depression should be considered more seriously before mixing populations; (2) small, isolated populations with low genetic variation may be well adapted to their environments and not exposed to serious inbreeding depression; (3) the extinction of small, isolated populations (e.g. marble trout) could be caused by landslides or floods, at least in the short term, suggesting the need for other forms of management, such as the creation of new populations. Here, we respond to those concerns by explaining the extinction threat facing Kirikuchi charr. Vincenzi et al. (2009) pointed out the risk of outbreeding depression, citing their previous study (Vincenzi et al., 2008), which reported that maladaptation and outbreeding depression occurred when two isolated marble trout populations were mixed artificially. However, the two marble trout populations were genetically distant (FST=0.66; Fumagalli et al., 2002) and had potentially adapted to each habitat. In contrast, no genetic differentiation was detected (FST=0.0097; T. Sato et al., unpubl. data) in the two Kirikuchi charr populations considered in Sato & Harada (2008). In the past, Kirikuchi charr populations persisted as a large metapopulation in the drainage. However, their habitats have recently been reduced and fragmented by human-induced factors, such as the construction of erosion-control dams and stocking of non-native salmonids (Sato, 2007). Consequently, the two Kirikuchi charr populations would persist in unnatural, above-waterfall habitats through the stocking of some individuals by local fishermen, indicating that the time since the fragmentation of the two populations is relatively short, probably several decades to 100 years. There is no conceptual framework for defining a level of genetic differentiation or time from the divergence that is safe for outbreeding depression (Edmands, 2007). However, given the extremely low genetic differentiation and short time since fragmentation, outbreeding depression may not be serious when the two Kirikuchi charr populations are mixed. Unlike the marble trout, we have identified signs of inbreeding depression in the two Kirikuchi charr populations; the occurrence of deformed fish with low adult survival rate (Sato, 2006). Vincenzi et al. (2009) also pointed out that many small, isolated populations with low genetic diversity in USA and Europe may be a natural consequence of their ecology, life-history traits, and typical habitat, and prove to be viable and well adapted to their environment. We agree that, from an evolutionary perspective, artificial translocation between local populations would be an unfavourable strategy in this situation, despite the occurrence of inbreeding or outbreeding depression. Contrary to this, the fragmented distribution of the Kirikuchi charr populations has obviously resulted from anthropogenic factors, as described above. Specifically, the two isolated Kirikuchi charr populations considered in Sato & Harada (2008) have persisted, although their evolutionary history is not natural. Given the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding depression, and the evolutionary history of the Kirikuchi charr, we feel that artificially retaining gene flow between the two populations, pointed out in Sato & Harada (2008), becomes a management option, at least given the present situation of the Kirikuchi charr. Nevertheless, as Vincenzi et al. (2009) pointed out, we agree that a more conservative strategy is more appropriate as a first step. Specifically, we should evaluate the possibility of outbreeding depression before implementing artificial gene flow. Thus, we plan to create a new population in a historical habitat of Kirikuchi charr by mixing juveniles (or adults) of the two remnant populations, or to conduct cross-fertilization experiments in a captive environment. These measures will allow us to evaluate the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding depression for the remnant Kirikuchi charr populations. Moreover, if we can create a new population, it will also reduce the extinction risk posed by exogenous events, such as landslides and floods." @default.
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• W1983504549 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W1983504549 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1983504549 title "Human-induced population fragmentation and management of small, isolated Kirikuchi charr populations" @default.
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• W1983504549 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00316.x" @default.
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