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- W1984228889 abstract "The principal system of deep western-boundary currents in the subtropical South Pacific is that in the Southwest Pacific Basin, which transports Circumpolar Deep Water northward and Pacific Deep Water (at mid-depths) southward. The WOCE PCM9 current-meter array was placed across this system at Lat. 32° 30′S in order to measure the mean transports of those components and their variations. The array, consisting of 60 current meters on 20 moorings, extended 1000 km eastward from the Tonga–Kermadec Ridge, and remained in place for 22 months, between February 1991 and December 1992. The instruments were situated approximately at 2500 m, 4000 m, and close to the bottom. CTD sections (including dissolved oxygen and nutrients) were occupied along the array during its deployment and recovery, and, in between, by the WOCE transpacific section P6. Density sections were used to construct objectively-mapped fields of geostrophic velocity, which were adjusted using current-meter data as integration constants to provide snapshots of the full velocity field. The resulting adjusted transports sometimes differed substantially from relative geostrophic transports, but agreed quite well with transports calculated from current records alone. A time series of volume transport was derived from objectively-mapped three-day-averaged currents. The boundary-current system at PCM9 was essentially 700 km wide, with flow most intense on the flank of the Tonga–Kermadec Ridge, where the maximum mean velocity vector had a magnitude of 9.6 cm s−1. The time-averaged transport, integrated horizontally across the array and from 2000 m to the bottom, was 16.0×106±11.9×106 m3 s−1 northward. Of this roughly 15.8×106±9.2×106 m3 s−1 was northward flow of Circumpolar Deep Water, and 0.2×106±5.1×106 m3 s−1 was northward flow of Pacific Deep Water. Even for the 22-month mean, however, the velocity field was strikingly banded vertically, and there was little impression of a zero-velocity surface following the demarcation between Circumpolar Deep Water and Pacific Deep Water across the section; only in the horizontally integrated sense was there a correspondence between water masses and the variation of transport with depth. The very large variability in transport is associated with prominent oscillations of periods near 50 days, 20 days, and 10 days, as well as with strong events distributed irregularly across the array that lead to a concentration of spectral energy in a band between 40 and 200 days. The origins of these disturbances are not known. While unexpectedly large changes in the density field near the Tonga–Kermadec Ridge were observed from one cruise to another, the huge fluctuations in transport seemed to be connected more with velocity signals varying only slowly with depth. No measurable changes in water-mass properties were detected by the cruises during the 22 months of deployment, but the salinity was about 0.01 lower at the salinity maximum in the Circumpolar Deep Water than it had been 25 years earlier. The direct, long-term transport measurement suggests that the total upwelling at 2000 m north of 30° S is 13×106 m3 s−1, corresponding to an areally-averaged vertical velocity of 1.0×10−5 cm s−1. This is substantially smaller than earlier values, and it helps to reduce estimates of the global deep upwelling closer to those of the global deep downwelling. The small value of Pacific Deep Water transport in the boundary-current system, relative to that of Circumpolar Deep Water, implies, within the framework of the Stommel–Arons dynamics, that little of the deep water entering the Pacific from the Antarctic returns southward at mid-depths. If so, then some present-day circulation schemes and budgetary constructions need to be re-assessed." @default.
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- W1984228889 date "1999-01-01" @default.
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- W1984228889 title "On the deep western-boundary current in the Southwest Pacific Basin" @default.
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- W1984228889 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(99)00005-1" @default.
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