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• W1985721440 abstract "Although the S₃ gallop sound has long been used clinically as an indicator of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, the mechanism responsible for its production remains controversial. The same sound is often found in young healthy individuals, and whether a similar mechanism is responsible is also unknown. The relationship of the S₃ gallop sound to the dynamics of left ventricular filling was compared in 18 healthy young triathletes and 15 older subjects with cardiac disease. Twenty healthy normal subjects without an S₃ were included as controls. Phonocardiographic, two-dimensional echocardiographic, and Doppler echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular inflow were evaluated. The S₃ in both groups always occurred close to peak early filling velocity (E), during early flow deceleration. Mean E deceleration rate was higher in the subjects with S₃ (726 ± 153 cm/sec² in the triathletes and 819 ± 274 cm/sec² in those with cardiac disease) than in control subjects (563 ± 131 cm/sec², <i>p</i> < 0.001 in both cases). Ten triathletes underwent examination both before and immediately after 30° head-up tilt. E deceleration rate dropped significantly with head-up tilt (720 ± 137 vs 590 ± 174 cm/sec², <i>p</i> < 0.01), while concurrently the S₃ disappeared or was diminished in amplitude. Similar changes were seen in subjects with cardiac disease. We conclude that both the pathologic and physiologic S₃ are related to abnormally rapid deceleration of early diastolic left ventricular inflow. Although the presence of the S₃ is not dependent on the state of left ventricular systolic function, diastolic filling is characterized by a predominance of early inflow with a rapid flow deceleration rate." @default.
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• W1985721440 date "1992-05-01" @default.
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• W1985721440 title "Mechanism of Physiologic and Pathologic S3 Gallop Sounds" @default.
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• W1985721440 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80339-8" @default.
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