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- W1985755592 abstract "Editor, We appreciate the interest and comments of Brusich et al.1 regarding our review about anaesthesia in renal transplant surgery2 and are grateful for the opportunity to reply. We agree that the perioperative treatment of metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia is of paramount interest for patients undergoing kidney transplant surgery. In our review, we discussed the use of haemodialysis immediately prior to renal transplant surgery and concluded that currently its routine use cannot be recommended. In particular, the performance of haemodialysis needs time, which could increase cold ischemia time, presenting an independent risk factor for delayed graft function. However, in transplant patients with preoperative existing hyperkalaemia, haemodialysis has to be considered. As a function of the last performed haemodialysis, hyperkalaemia can occur during or immediately after transplantation. In this situation, we recommend the use of sodium bicarbonate next to insulin and calcium, especially when fast correction of hyperkalaemia is required, for example in patients presenting with cardiac symptoms.3 The postoperative use of haemodialysis after renal transplantation is discussed as an independent risk factor for delayed graft function. In this context, a recent retrospective analysis showed that performing dialysis more than once after renal transplant surgery increases mortality.4 In conclusion, at the present there are no evidence based guidelines on how to treat perioperative hyperkalaemia; in the preoperative period, haemodialysis is recommended as a first-line therapy, whereas intraoperative and immediate postoperative disturbances might necessitate the use of sodium bicarbonate. We totally agree that alkalisation of patients with end-stage renal disease should be avoided, as it has many adverse effects including the cited shifting of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. We appreciate that Brusich et al.1 emphasised our statement that perioperative hypotension in patients undergoing renal transplant surgery has to be avoided, as they often present with several cardiovascular comorbidities and an adequate perfusion pressure is essential for renal function. However, we do not agree with their recommendation to use etomidate as a routine induction agent. Even the single injection of etomidate for induction of anaesthesia is under debate, as several studies have shown adrenal insufficiency following injection of etomidate. This safety debate was further intensified when a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that the use of etomidate was associated with a higher mortality rate in critically ill patients.5 These findings led to the cited Pro and Con debate in the November 2012 issue of the European Journal of Anaesthesiology. In the corresponding invited commentary, Payen6 concluded the debate saying that the only clear recommendation for the use of etomidate is in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. For the remaining patients, he suggested to distinguish between patients with or without concomitant shock, preferring thiopental or propofol for patients without shock.6 Another important issue mentioned by Brusich et al.1 is the immunosuppressive therapy used in organ transplantation. Corticosteroid bolus should be administered routinely as immunosupressant, independent of etomidate injection. However, a recent study showed that patients do not benefit from corticosteroid substitution to reverse etomidate-induced adrenal insufficiency.7 Brusich et al.1 are concerned about the routine use of mannitol immediately before reperfusion, especially in doses higher than 200 g. In our review, we recommend the administration of 200 to 250 ml mannitol 20%, which is 40 to 50 g and not 200 g. Our recommendation is based on existing literature showing a beneficial effect of mannitol regarding delayed graft function when used in a dose of 40 to 50 g. We appreciate that Brusich et al.1 emphasised our statement about the importance of maintaining an adequate renal perfusion pressure. Acknowledgements relating to this article Assistance with the letter: none. Financial support and sponsorship: none. Conflicts of interest: none. Presentation: none." @default.
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- W1985755592 date "2013-11-01" @default.
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