FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1987482757> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1987482757 endingPage "3257" @default.
• W1987482757 startingPage "3251" @default.
• W1987482757 abstract "Article15 June 1998free access Role of the proteasome in membrane extraction of a short-lived ER-transmembrane protein Thomas U. Mayer Thomas U. Mayer ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Thorsten Braun Thorsten Braun ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Stefan Jentsch Corresponding Author Stefan Jentsch ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Thomas U. Mayer Thomas U. Mayer ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Thorsten Braun Thorsten Braun ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Stefan Jentsch Corresponding Author Stefan Jentsch ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Search for more papers by this author Author Information Thomas U. Mayer1, Thorsten Braun1 and Stefan Jentsch 1 1ZMBH, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] The EMBO Journal (1998)17:3251-3257https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.12.3251 PDFDownload PDF of article text and main figures. ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyWechatReddit Figures & Info Selective degradation of proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-associated degradation) is thought to proceed largely via the cytosolic ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Recent data have indicated that the dislocation of short-lived integral-membrane proteins to the cytosolic proteolytic system may require components of the Sec61 translocon. Here we show that the proteasome itself can participate in the extraction of an ER-membrane protein from the lipid bilayer. In yeast mutants expressing functionally attenuated proteasomes, degradation of a short-lived doubly membrane-spanning protein proceeds rapidly through the N-terminal cytosolic domain of the substrate, but slows down considerably when continued degradation of the molecule requires membrane extraction. Thus, proteasomes engaged in ER degradation can directly process transmembrane proteins through a mechanism in which the dislocation of the substrate and its proteolysis are coupled. We therefore propose that the retrograde transport of short-lived substrates may be driven through the activity of the proteasome. Introduction Secretory proteins, as well as proteins destined for localization at the cell surface or the vesicular system, are synthesized in the cytosol and usually translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the Sec61 translocon (for a review see Matlack et al., 1998). Translocation can proceed either co- or post-translationally and requires the proteins to be unfolded. Commonly coupled with the translocation process, the polypeptides fold into their three-dimensional conformations within the ER where they may assemble with other proteins into oligomeric complexes. Membrane insertion of integral membrane proteins follows the same route as the transport of soluble secretory proteins across the ER membrane. Yet, membrane insertion requires a lateral opening of the translocation channel during the translocation process in order to release the hydrophobic transmembrane segments of the proteins into the lipid bilayer (Martoglio et al., 1995; Matlack et al., 1998). Protein transport and maturation are inevitably prone to errors, but cellular quality control pathways exist which ensure that only correctly folded or assembled proteins are retained in the ER or leave the compartment for their final destinations. Protein folding in the ER is guided by chaperones, and proteolytic pathways have been discovered which clear the compartment from misfolded and misassembled polypeptides (for reviews see Klausner and Sitia, 1990; Bonifacino and Lippincott-Schwartz, 1991; Brodsky and McCracken, 1997; Kopito, 1997). Recently, it became clear that ER-associated degradation is predominantly mediated by the cytosolic ubiquitin–proteasome system (Sommer and Jentsch, 1993; Jensen et al., 1995; Ward et al., 1995; Biederer et al., 1996; Hampton et al., 1996; Hiller et al., 1996). Degradation by this pathway is initiated by the conjugation of ubiquitin to the proteolytic substrate (for reviews see Ciechanover, 1994; Hochstrasser, 1996; Jentsch and Schlenker, 1996). This reaction requires ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) which, sometimes in conjunction with additional ubiquitin ligases (E3), catalyse the covalent attachment of several molecules of ubiquitin to internal lysine residues of the substrate. Multi-ubiquitinated proteins are the preferred substrates of the proteasome. In yeast two E2 enzymes, UBC6 and UBC7, localize to ER membranes, and indeed these enzymes function in ER-associated proteolysis pathways (Sommer and Jentsch, 1993; Biederer et al., 1996, 1997; Hiller et al., 1996). In order to be completely accessed by the cytosolic proteolytic machinery, membrane proteins and lumenal proteins of the ER must be dislocated from the ER to the cytosol. Recent genetic and biochemical data indicate that this retrograde transport process may require components of the Sec61 translocon (Wiertz et al., 1996; Pilon et al., 1997; Plemper et al., 1997). Degradation of integral membrane proteins may be initiated by a lateral assembly of components of the Sec61 complex around the substrate and may proceed by a reversal of the insertion process. Membrane insertion and translocation of proteins into the lumen of the ER are thought to be driven by the translation process (i.e. for co-translational transport) or by the action of ATP-dependent chaperones inside the ER (Matlack et al., 1998). How retrograde transport of proteins and, in particular, the extraction of proteins from the lipid bilayer is achieved has remained an enigma. Here we investigate the mechanism of ER-membrane protein degradation by the proteasome in vivo. In analogy to previous studies on protein import into organelles, we took advantage of the potency of engineered model substrates. Using substrates which were designed to localize to the ER membrane and to be short-lived, we found that membrane extraction and proteasomal degradation are directly coupled. In fact, we observed that functional proteasomes are required for the efficient extraction of the short-lived substrate in vivo. This suggests that membrane extraction and retrograde transport of the membrane protein may be driven by the action of membrane-associated proteasomes. Results Construction of a short-lived model substrate Recent studies have shown that natural multispanning proteins may be degraded by multiple proteolytic pathways (Jensen et al., 1995). To avoid unwanted interference by other degradative systems we decided to construct structurally simple model substrates which are degraded exclusively by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The yeast SEC62 protein (Deshaies and Schekman, 1990) is a metabolically stable, doubly spanning ER-membrane protein with cytosolic N- and C-terminal domains (Figure 1). A short lumenal domain of eight amino acid residues is located between the two transmembrane spans. We constructed variants of SEC62, one with a FLAGepitope at the protein's C-terminus (SEC62FLAG) and another with an additional Deg1 degradation signal, derived from the short-lived yeast transcription factor MATα2, fused to its N-terminus (Deg1–SEC62FLAG). The Deg1 signal, a protein domain of ∼70 amino acid residues, mediates ubiquitination by the ER-membrane bound ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, UBC6 and UBC7. Molecular grafting experiments have shown previously that this signal can be transferred to other proteins where it confers proteasome-dependent degradation on the fusions (Chen et al., 1993). To confirm that the SEC62 variants have retained the topology of the wild-type (WT) SEC62 protein we expressed the genes for both constructs in sec62 null mutants. As expected, the genes restored cell viability (Deg1–SEC62FLAG only in stabilizing mutants, see below and Materials and methods). We therefore conclude that the membrane topology was not altered by the addition of the Deg1 signal and the epitope. Figure 1.Scheme of the SEC62 derivatives used in this study. The SEC62 protein is an integral ER-membrane protein with two transmembrane spans connected by a short lumenal domain. The C-terminal FLAGepitope and the protein A (Prot A) domain were used for detection of the fusion proteins. The Deg1 degradation signal is fused to the N-terminus of SEC62 and is derived from the short-lived MATα2 transcription factor. The membrane topology is not affected by the alterations, as the genes can functionally replace the essential WT SEC62 gene. Download figure Download PowerPoint Degradation at membranes To examine whether the designed protein is indeed short-lived in vivo we expressed the two variants of SEC62 in WT yeast. As predicted, FLAGtagged SEC62 was found exclusively in the membrane fraction, indicating that the protein is correctly inserted into the membrane (Figure 2). However, no FLAGantibody-reactive material was detectable in either cytosolic or membrane fractions when the Deg1-containing derivative was used (Figure 2). This suggested that the latter protein was indeed turned over rapidly. To increase the sensitivity of detection for the short-lived substrate and to identify possible proteolytic intermediates, we replaced the C-terminal FLAGtag by two copies of a protein-A domain (Deg1–SEC62ProtA). Like the previous constructs this new variant retained WT SEC62 topology (see Materials and methods). Pulse–chase studies confirmed that the fusion protein was rapidly degraded with a half-life of ∼10 min in WT cells (Figure 3, WT). During the chase period, the protein appeared exclusively in the microsomal pellet fraction, suggesting that the protein was first inserted into the ER membrane and then degraded. To confirm that the substrate is degraded by an ER-associated proteolytic system we took advantage of various yeast mutants. No influence on the protein's half-life was observed in pep4 mutants, defective in lysosomal function, or in sec18 mutants, which have a block in the transport of proteins from the ER to the Golgi compartment (not shown). Therefore we conclude that the protein was indeed degraded by a non-lysosomal mechanism in a pre-Golgi compartment. Figure 2.The Deg1 signal confers instability to the membrane-bound SEC62-derivative. WT cells expressing SEC62FLAG or Deg1–SEC62FLAG were lysed and total cell extract (T), cytosolic (C) or membrane (M) fractions were isolated. Fusion proteins were detected with an antibody directed against the FLAG epitope by Western blotting. No immunoreactive material was found in either of these fractions when the Deg1-containing protein was used, indicating that Deg1–SEC62FLAG is short-lived. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 3.The Deg1–SEC62 derivative is degraded by a UBC6–UBC7-dependent pathway. Pulse–chase analysis was performed using isogenic WT and ubc6 ubc7 null mutant strains. The cells were radioactively labelled for 5 min and after the indicated chase times the cells were lysed, membrane fractions were prepared, the proteins were immunoprecipitated via the protein A tag using IgG–Sepharose, and the labelled proteins were visualized by SDS–PAGE followed by fluorography. In ubc6 ubc7 mutants, the protein was completely stabilized. Although a fraction of the protein appeared to have received one or two molecules of ubiquitin (possibly due to the activities of other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes) they do not, however, render the protein unstable. Download figure Download PowerPoint Ubiquitination at membranes The Deg1 signal of MATα2 is known to mediate ubiquitination by the enzymes UBC6 and UBC7 (Chen et al., 1993). UBC6 is an integral membrane protein of the ER which is anchored to the membrane via a C-terminal hydrophobic sequence, whereas UBC7 is bound to the ER through association with the CUE1 protein (Jungmann et al., 1993; Sommer and Jentsch, 1993; Biederer et al., 1997). When we expressed Deg1–SEC62ProtA in yeast mutants defective in UBC6 and UBC7 (Figure 3, ubc6 ubc7) we observed an apparent complete stabilization of the protein, indicating that degradation of the engineered substrate is indeed mediated by these enzymes. Further evidence for this conclusion comes from genetic studies which showed that complementation of sec62 null mutants by a single copy gene expressing the short-lived SEC62 variant was not observed in WT cells (strain YWO1), but in ubc6 ubc7 mutants. We analysed further whether the short-lived substrate is ubiquitinated in WT cells. Because ubiquitinated substrates are rapidly turned over, and therefore barely detectable, we used epitope-tagged variants of ubiquitin. It has been shown previously that these variants promote degradation of conjugates at a slower rate than WT ubiquitin (Ellison and Hochstrasser, 1991). In fact, when we performed a Western blot analysis with protein extracts from WT cells overexpressing Mycepitope-tagged ubiquitin (Ellison and Hochstrasser, 1991), we were able to observe, in addition to the SEC62 derivative itself, a ‘ladder’ of larger variants, typical for the ubiquitinated forms of substrates (Figure 4). The ubiquitinated substrate was exclusively found in the membrane fraction, indicating that the engineered substrate was ubiquitinated by the UBC6 and UBC7 E2 enzymes directly at ER membranes. Figure 4.The short-lived SEC62 derivative is multi-ubiquitinated in vivo. After lysis of cells expressing Mycepitope-tagged ubiquitin driven from a copper-inducible promoter, membrane fractions were isolated and the SEC62 derivative was detected by Western blotting using IgG antibodies directed against horseradish peroxidase. In the presence of copper (right lane; +) a ‘ladder’ of larger species of the substrate is detectable, indicating that the substrate is multi-ubiquitinated. Download figure Download PowerPoint Degradation by functionally impaired proteasomes Ubiquitinated substrates are usually recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome. We therefore investigated whether the engineered short-lived protein is degraded by this protease and, in particular, we asked how proteasomal degradation of integral membrane proteins might be accomplished. Two possible routes by which membrane proteins could be accessed by the proteasome can be envisaged. One idea, entertained previously (Wiertz et al., 1996), suggests that proteasomal degradation commences after the membrane protein has been completely transferred from the membrane into the cytosol. We also considered a second possibility by which dislocation and proteasomal degradation are directly coupled. To distinguish between these two possibilities we expressed the short-lived fusion protein in yeast proteasome mutants. If the complete transfer of the substrate from the ER membrane is a prerequisite for degradation by the proteasome, the completely dislocated substrate would be expected to accumulate in the cytosol of proteasome mutants. If, however, dislocation and degradation are coupled, we would expect to find, in addition to a stabilization of the substrate, defects in the extraction of the molecule from the membrane. The proteasome mutant we used for this study has a defect in the PRE1 gene, which encodes an essential subunit of the 20S core particle of the proteasome (Heinemeyer et al., 1991). This mutant, pre1-1, is viable but expresses functionally attenuated proteasomes (Heinemeyer et al., 1991; Richter-Ruoff et al., 1992; Seufert and Jentsch, 1992; Chen and Hochstrasser, 1996). It has been shown previously that due to this defect a number of otherwise short-lived proteins are stabilized at normal growth temperature (Heinemeyer et al., 1991; Richter-Ruoff et al., 1992; Seufert and Jentsch, 1992; Jungmann et al., 1993). We expressed the SEC62 variant in this strain from a glucose-repressible promoter. Therefore, after shutting off the promoter by adding glucose to the medium, the stability of the initially expressed protein could be followed over time. As shown in Figure 5A significant stabilization of antibody-reactive material was observed in the pre1-1 mutant. As a matter of fact, no immunoreactive material was found in the cytosol. Unexpectedly, however, even at early time-points, most material accumulated in the membrane fraction as a collection of apparent proteolytic intermediates within the size range of ∼35 kDa. Remarkably, the full-length SEC62 derivative decayed with an apparent half-life of ∼15 min, whereas the level of the intermediates initially increased and, after ∼1 h, declined with a half-life of ∼60 min (Figure 5A). Continued degradation of the intermediates in vivo was evidently not mediated by lysosomal enzymes (Figure 5B), suggesting that they are indeed proteolytic intermediates of a processive reaction (see below). Interestingly, a similar kinetic defect was also observed with a cim5 mutant (Figure 5C), which expresses proteasomes with a defective ATPase subunit of the 19S cap of the 26S proteasome (Ghislain et al., 1993). This indicates that the accumulation of the observed intermediates is indeed specific for proteasomal defects. These fragments are exclusively membrane-embedded as they could only be extracted from membranes in vitro by incubation with detergents, but not by high salt or high pH (Figure 6). We therefore conclude that the substrate is degraded directly at the membrane and that a complete dislocation of the substrate into the cytosol is not necessary for degradation by the proteasome. Figure 5.Yeast mutants expressing functionally attenuated proteasomes accumulate proteolytic intermediates of the membrane-bound SEC62 derivative. (A) Proteolytic intermediates accumulate in the microsomal fraction of a pre1-1 mutant (YWO74) expressing Deg1–SEC62ProtA from a glucose-repressible promoter. Upon promoter shut-off (by glucose) in pre1-1 cells, the levels of the full-length substrate (upper band) and of proteolytic intermediates (lower bands) were followed over time (0–240 min) by Western blots using protein A-reactive antibodies. Compared with the full-length substrate, the intermediates decay with a slower kinetic rate. (B) The degradation process is not influenced by the pep4 mutation which results in defective vacuolar degradation. The promoter shut-off was performed as above. (C) The degradation intermediates are not observed in WT cells, but they are also present in cim5 mutants which express mutant proteasomes with a defect in the CIM5(YTA3) ATPase subunit. Steady-state levels of Deg1–SEC62ProtA in a WT (DF5) and a cim5 (CMY765) strain. Cells were lysed, membrane fractions were isolated and immunoreactive material was detected as described above. Download figure Download PowerPoint Figure 6.The degradation intermediates accumulating in pre1-1 cells are membrane embedded. Microsomes from pre1-1 mutants, expressing Deg1–SEC62ProtA, were isolated as described in Materials and methods. Twenty μl of microsome fractions (OD280 = 30) were incubated with 1 ml of the indicated reagents for 1 h on ice. After 100 000 g centrifugation supernatant (S) and pellet (P) fractions were isolated and the antigenic material was detected via the ProtA tag. Only detergents were able to solubilize the fragment from membranes. Download figure Download PowerPoint Characterization of the proteolytic intermediate The aforementioned experiments strongly suggest that the accumulating membrane-bound fragments were proteolytic intermediates generated by impaired proteasomes. Consistent with this hypothesis we found that the half-life of the protein was not affected by mutants in signal peptidase (sec11; not shown). Signal peptidase cleaves proteins at the lumenal face of the membrane, and previous data have suggested a role for this enzyme in ER-associated degradation pathways (Yuk and Lodish, 1993). To determine the cleavage site which led to the formation of the proteolytic intermediate we isolated the major 35 kDa fragment from membrane fractions of a 30 l culture of pre1-1 cells by antibody-affinity chromatography. The fragment was purified by gel electrophoresis, blotted onto a membrane and subjected to Edman degradation. Identification of the first 10 N-terminal residues indicated that the cleavage which produced the 35 kDa fragment occurred on the cytosolic face of the membrane, ∼50 residues N-terminal from the first transmembrane domain of the molecule (Figure 7). The remaining part of the polypeptide contained the two membrane spans and the C-terminal cytosolic domain bearing the protein-A tag used for the isolation of the fragment. This finding rules out the participation of ER-lumenal proteases, but is consistent with the cytosolic proteasomal activity. To obtain additional evidence for this hypothesis we constructed an N-terminally truncated form of SEC62ProtA resembling the proteolytic intermediate in protein sequence and expressed the protein in WT cells (Figure 7; termed SEC62 fragment mimic). This protein was inserted into the ER membrane and, in contrast to its sequence ortholog, this protein was almost stable and the half-life was not affected by proteasome mutants (Figure 7 and data not shown). This indicates that the turnover of the proteolytic fragment observed in pre1-1 mutants was indeed a result of a processive event, most likely mediated by those proteasomes which initiated the proteolytic process. Figure 7.Degradation of the short-lived membrane protein (Deg1–SEC62ProtA) starts at its N-terminus. The major degradation intermediate which accumulates in pre1-1 (lane 2) but not WT cells (lane 1) was purified by SDS–PAGE and subjected to Edman degradation. The determined cleavage site is indicated by an arrow (lower scheme) in the protein sequence of SEC62. Additional evidence for the identity of the proteolytic fragment with the C-terminal domain of SEC62ProtA is provided for comparison (compare lanes 2 and 3) with a SEC62 variant, in which an initiator methionine residue has been placed at the N-terminal from the determined cleavage site (with the resulting sequence MVIPVK). In contrast to the proteolytic intermediate, this protein (SEC62 fragment mimic) was almost metabolically stable. Download figure Download PowerPoint Discussion Several mechanistic models for ER-associated membrane protein disposal have been entertained during the past years (Amara et al., 1989; Klausner and Sitia, 1990; Bonifacino and Lippincott-Schwartz, 1991; Yuk and Lodish, 1993; Brodsky and McCracken, 1997). The finding that proteolysis requires transport of the substrates back into the compartment where they had been synthesized originally was unexpected and raised several important questions. Several lines of evidence now point to a role of the Sec61 translocon in retrograde protein transport (Wiertz et al., 1996; Pilon et al., 1997; Plemper et al., 1997). The evidence suggests that this process may possibly function as a reversal of the membrane insertion reaction. But how is directionality of retrograde transport ensured and what is the driving force behind the translocation process? Our data suggest a mechanism by which ER-membrane proteins can be degraded directly at membranes involving membrane-bound proteasomes. The data we present are consistent with a model by which substrates are directly dislocated from the membrane into the proteasome. Apparently, degradation of the model substrate starts at its cytosolic N-terminus which carries the Deg1 degradation signal. In WT cells, degradation of the full-length polypeptide proceeds rapidly, with virtually no detectable proteolytic intermediates (see Figures 3 and 5C). In mutants with functionally impaired proteasomes, proteolysis proceeds nearly as rapidly as in WT cells until the proteasome encounters the first transmembrane span. However, further degradation of the membrane protein requires membrane extraction, and during this phase defective proteasomes appear to proceed significantly more slowly than fully active WT proteasomes. This results in the accumulation of similarly sized proteolytic intermediates in proteasome mutants truncated near the first transmembrane span. Importantly, our genetic data demonstrate that functional proteasomes are required for membrane extraction of the substrate in vivo. Otherwise, if proteasome-independent extraction mechanisms were operative, the substrate or its proteolytic intermediates would be expected to accumulate in the cytosol of proteasome mutants. Although different mechanisms of membrane protein degradation may be operative for other substrates, we speculate that the mechanism we propose is utilized frequently. Indeed, ER-localized proteasomes have been detected previously (Rivett, 1993; Palmer et al., 1996), suggesting that these proteasomes are engaged in ER-associated degradation. Our data also provide clues for how the retrograde transport might be driven and may help establish why the process is unidirectional. It seems attractive to speculate that proteins of the ER membrane, possibly components of the Sec61 translocon, provide an extraction-supportive environment within the membrane. Yet, we propose that the dislocation process itself might be driven by the action of the proteasome. Proteasomes possess narrow openings at both ends which allow only unfolded substrates access to the proteolytic chamber (Löwe et al., 1995; for reviews see Jentsch and Schlenker, 1996; Larsen and Finley, 1997; Baumeister et al., 1998). Probably catalysed by the ATPases present at the entry sites of the proteasome (the 19S cap), the substrates become unfolded and may be actively funnelled through the bottleneck into the central cavity of the proteasome. These processes are thought to be coupled and result in a processive action of the proteasome (Jentsch and Schlenker, 1996; Akopian et al., 1997). It therefore seems especially attractive to speculate that ATP hydrolysis catalysed by proteasome subunits may provide the energy for retrograde transport. Consistent with this model is our finding that cim5 mutants, with one defective proteasomal ATPase, exhibit a similar transport–degradation defect as pre1-1 mutants. Interestingly, the proposed mechanism also points to possible parallels to the degradation of mitochondrial membrane proteins which employ proteases (Arlt et al., 1996; Leonhard et al., 1996; Suzuki et al., 1997) bearing ATPase domains resembling those of the proteasome. Materials and methods Construction of yeast plasmids and strains Standard protocols were followed for preparation of yeast media, transformation by the lithium acetate method, sporulation, tetrad dissection, and preparation of total yeast DNA (Guthrie and Fink, 1991; Ausubel et al., 1994). Genes for SEC62FLAG, Deg1–SEC62FLAG, Deg1–SEC62ProtA and the SEC62 fragment mimic (Figure 7) were constructed as described below by PCR and placed under GAL1-10 promoter control into YIplac128 (Gietz and Sugino, 1988; the DNA and protein sequences of the constructed SEC62 derivatives will be provided upon request). For these constructs the SEC62 open reading frame (ORF) was cloned from genomic DNA by PCR. For the construction of SEC62FLAG and Deg1–SEC62FLAG, primers were designed to introduce a FLAG-epitope after the last amino acid codon of the SEC62 ORF. The Deg1-coding region was isolated by PCR from the Deg1–lacZ fusion gene (Chen et al., 1993) and cloned in-frame 5′ from the SEC62 ORF. The gene for Deg1–SEC62ProtA encodes a C-terminally doubly ProtA-tagged version of SEC62 and contains an oligonucleotide linker encoding the FLAG-epitope between the DNA encoding the Deg1 signal and the SEC62 protein. The ProtA tag is as described by Nilsson et al. (1987). The membrane topology of the constructed SEC62 variants was confirmed by a complementation assay for SEC62 function in a sec62 null strain. To this end WT (strain YWO1) and a ubc6 ubc7 mutant strain (in order to stabilize the short-lived SEC62 variants) were transformed with plasmids encoding the SEC62 variants, and the genomic WT SEC62 locus was deleted afterwards which was confirmed by PCR. The SEC62 fragment mimic was cloned by PCR using the gene for Deg1–SEC62ProtA as a template. An initiator methionine codon was introduced to obtain a protein which starts with the sequence MVIPVK (see Figure 7). Table I lists the yeast strains used in this work. Strains YTX99, YTX49 and YFP338 are derivatives of isogenic strains (supplied by R. Schekman) and congenic WT strains were used as controls in the respective experiments. CMY826 and YWO71 were used as the WT controls for CMY765 and YWO74, respectively. All others strains are derivatives of DF5 (Finley et al., 1985). A pep4Δ strain (Y0602) and a pre1-1 pep4Δ double mutant (Y0601) was made by replacing the first 25% of the PEP4 ORF (Jones, 1991) by URA3 and introduction into respective genetic backgrounds (YWO1, YWO74). Homologous recombination was verified by Southern hybridization. The SEC62 disruption allele was constructed by inse" @default.
• W1987482757 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1987482757 creator A5003542465 @default.
• W1987482757 date "1998-06-15" @default.
• W1987482757 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W1987482757 title "Role of the proteasome in membrane extraction of a short-lived ER-transmembrane protein" @default.
• W1987482757 cites W111354659 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W145497325 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1558697766 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1563724009 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1571547690 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1909200913 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W192390236 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1964931840 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1965901600 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1967390330 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1970831375 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1975460230 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1976601347 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1978611748 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1983155917 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1986342078 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1991930087 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1993201799 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1993870692 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W1999746307 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2008561447 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2012941238 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2015357935 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2016735583 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2034497108 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2049130730 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2049300709 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2052248196 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2056037336 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2058106838 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2067369810 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2071191421 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2073515886 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2073946289 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2076217757 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2082270046 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2083516848 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2114953435 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2121781216 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2132103617 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2146375963 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2149244862 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2153458899 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2162336716 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W2286864556 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W263799869 @default.
• W1987482757 cites W5959882 @default.
• W1987482757 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.12.3251" @default.
• W1987482757 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1170663" @default.
• W1987482757 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9628862" @default.
• W1987482757 hasPublicationYear "1998" @default.
• W1987482757 type Work @default.
• W1987482757 sameAs 1987482757 @default.
• W1987482757 citedByCount "199" @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572012 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572013 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572014 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572015 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572016 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572017 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572019 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572020 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572022 @default.
• W1987482757 countsByYear W19874827572023 @default.
• W1987482757 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W1987482757 hasAuthorship W1987482757A5003542465 @default.
• W1987482757 hasBestOaLocation W19874827571 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C118892022 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C12554922 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C144647389 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C170493617 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C185592680 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C24530287 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C27740335 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C41625074 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C43617362 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C4725764 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C55493867 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConcept C95444343 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C118892022 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C12554922 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C144647389 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C170493617 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C185592680 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C24530287 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C27740335 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C41625074 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C43617362 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C4725764 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C55493867 @default.
• W1987482757 hasConceptScore W1987482757C86803240 @default.

• next