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- W1989092610 abstract "Large amounts of free fatty acids in oil used for the production of biodiesel cause the problems of soap formation and very low yield of biodiesel. To overcome these problems, free fatty acids must be esterified to their esters in the presence of an acid catalyst prior to alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. Sulfated metal oxides are an interesting group owing to their very high acidity. In this study, sulfated aluminium-tin mixed oxide (SO42−/Al2O3-SnO2) catalysts were synthesized and used for esterification of free fatty acids in crude palm oil for the first time. The SO42−/Al2O3-SnO2 catalysts were prepared from different Al precursors, calcination temperatures, and sulfate concentrations. Characterization of the catalysts included X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques, nitrogen adsorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometric titration. The results show that the SO42−/Al2O3-SnO2 catalyst has very strong acid sites. Different Al precursors lead..." @default.
- W1989092610 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1989092610 date "2014-03-17" @default.
- W1989092610 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W1989092610 title "Activity of Sulfated Aluminium-Tin Mixed Oxides for the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Crude Palm Oil" @default.
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- W1989092610 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2013.835262" @default.
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