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• W1990451736 abstract "It wasn't that long ago that most people believed infectious diseases originated in the will of the gods, or immoral behaviour. For the ancients, malaria hailed from the “rage of the dog star”. For 19th-century sanitarians, cholera arose from foul gases. These days, we know better. As microbiologist Nathan Wolfe describes in The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age, most of humankind's infectious pathogens originate not from the air or the stars but from the bodies of wild animals. Wolfe, a Harvard-trained primatologist, is interested in the microorganisms lurking inside the bodies of other primates, and the risks involved in stalking them for food. Compared with other avenues of microbial spread, “hunting and butchering provide superhighways”, Wolfe writes, “connecting a hunting species directly with the microbes of every tissue of their prey”. Wolfe's research on primates in Borneo and Cameroon has shown that two of the many viruses trucking down that superhighway included the pair of chimpanzee viruses that Wolfe and other experts believe recombined to beget HIV. His research has also collared a slew of other primate microbes on that road, such as simian retroviruses and T-lymphotropic viruses, driving over the species barrier into bushmeat hunter populations in rural Africa. Wolfe reaches deep into human history to outline our vulnerability to these microbes, going back to the days when we descended from the trees for a relatively germ-free life of cooked food in the savannah, rupturing our bonds to the microbes of our cousin primates. But the more modern developments he touches upon—our penchant for surrounding ourselves with scores of livestock, living in densely populated urban centres, and rapidly ferrying people and goods around the globe—are more convincing. Now, when one of these microorganisms makes the jump into Homo sapiens it can quickly amplify and spread into a global pandemic. Although none of the three pandemic-worthy pathogens that have emerged since HIV—H1N1 and H5N1 influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—originated in non-human primates, all three were driven by changing interactions between humans, livestock, and wild animals, and disseminated through urbanisation and rapid global transport. But for all their panic-inducing speed once unleashed, pandemic pathogens such as HIV gather strength slowly, Wolfe says. HIV was contained where it seems to have first emerged, in colonial Leopoldville, for decades before it started to spread globally. By monitoring sentinel populations—bushmeat hunters in Africa, wet-market consumers in Asia, patients receiving blood transfusions—Wolfe hopes to finger the next pathogen with pandemic potential before it goes global. Beside his method of surveilling “viral chatter”, as he calls it, analysts can monitor search queries and Twitter feeds for complaints of unusual symptoms, and digital technology can help the sick rapidly convey their symptoms to distant clinicians. In all this technology, Wolfe sees the making of a “global immune system” capable of protecting a globally interconnected species from pandemic threats. It's an exciting idea, and Wolfe is an alluring figure. As Director of the non-governmental organisation Global Viral Forecasting in San Francisco, he jets around the world to remote regions stalking deadly viruses in wild animals and tracking their spread into human populations. And yet, for all its promise, The Viral Storm feels strangely slap-dash, with some passages that read like a cross between lecture notes for Virology 101 and a well-padded grant proposal. Wolfe sometimes seems more interested in burnishing his credentials and offering extended homages to his mentors and collaborators than in arguing his case, tackling thorny questions, or revealing the realities about his work. Nevertheless, Wolfe's main point, that monitoring the spread of new pathogens into hunters of wild game in rural Africa will be cheaper and easier than attempting to contain any subsequent pandemic that might result from their microbe-exchanging practices, is an important one. This is more than a “boutique issue for those wanting to save some charismatic endangered species”, he argues; it's a matter of global health security. Is it enough? As Wolfe acknowledges, pandemic-worthy pathogens emerge from all manner of interactions between wild animals, livestock, and humans, from organ transplantation, blood transfusions, and the exotic pet trade to industrial farming practices. Wolfe's work primarily targets the risky behaviours of bushmeat hunters and wet-market consumers, who are among the most impoverished and powerless people in the world. Mitigating the litany of other pandemic risk factors we now understand—from the practices of the airline industry and agribusiness, to the way we handle food and consume medical technologies—will be a challenge of even greater proportions." @default.
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• W1990451736 date "2011-11-01" @default.
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• W1990451736 title "Stalking the next epidemic" @default.
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• W1990451736 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61799-6" @default.
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