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• W1990668517 abstract "HomeStrokeVol. 44, No. 5Letter by Mittal and McCormick Regarding Article, “Self-Report of Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, or Stroke Symptoms and Risk of Future Stroke in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study” Free AccessLetterPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessLetterPDF/EPUBLetter by Mittal and McCormick Regarding Article, “Self-Report of Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, or Stroke Symptoms and Risk of Future Stroke in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study” Manoj K. Mittal, MBBS Jennifer B. McCormick, PhD, MPP Manoj K. MittalManoj K. Mittal Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochester, MN Search for more papers by this author Jennifer B. McCormickJennifer B. McCormick Division of General Internal MedicineMayo Biomedical Ethics Reseach UnitMayo ClinicRochester, MN Search for more papers by this author Originally published2 Apr 2013https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.000877Stroke. 2013;44:e53Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: January 1, 2013: Previous Version 1 To the Editor:We read with great interest the recent article published by Judd et al1 in which a study on risk of future stroke recurrence was described. The authors specifically studied different types of baseline ischemic strokes influencing US patients’ future risk of ischemic stroke in a sample from the south eastern sector of the United States, also known as the stroke belt. This study found a graded association between baseline stroke type and future stroke risk, increasing from patients reporting stroke symptoms only, transient ischemic attack, distant stroke, or recent stroke. This information is clinically relevant as it clearly shows that not all previous strokes are the same, and the risk of recurrent stroke increases as severity of stroke increases and also if the stroke is more recent (defined as <5 years).1 This study had large sample size and had large number of people available at follow-up.As the authors mentioned, there are methodological concerns about the reliability and validity of the self-reported diagnosis of transient ischemic attack and stroke. Future studies should use a validated screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity to identify patients with ischemic strokes. During the follow-up period of the study, 2 stroke neurologists had reviewed patients’ charts to ascertain the stroke diagnosis; however, it is not mentioned whether the neuroimaging data were used to differentiate ischemic stroke patients from hemorrhagic strokes and stroke mimics.Another limitation of the study is that the authors used only 2 races and no ethnicity variables in their analysis. Also, the authors intended to recruit 50% blacks in their study but could include only 38.6% blacks.1 The authors did not discuss the reasons of lower recruitment of blacks in their study. Understanding the reasons for a lower recruitment rate is important to improve the recruitment of this community in the future stroke trials. Previous studies have reported potential barriers of low recruitment in blacks, including perceived bias of research benefiting whites only, research not relevant to blacks, lack of information concerning research, lack of compensation, research that does not address a person or his/her family directly, and limited time for healthcare-related activities.2 The authors have also not explained why they only focused on white and black population.In addition, health disparities within the United States lead to poor outcome for minorities.3 The REGARDS study recruited 50% of their cohort from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, consisting of 6.22% Hispanic population.4 People of Hispanic origin currently represent 16.3% of the US population which will be increased to an estimated 25.7% by 2050.5 Previous studies have shown that hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, and metabolic syndrome are more prevalent in the Hispanic population than white population.3 The authors should have mentioned whether the ethnicity of the study population (white and black) was Hispanic, non-Hispanic, or combined Hispanic and non-Hispanic.Because race and ethnicity are important demographic factors contributing to healthcare disparity, it is important that National Institutes of Health–funded studies include research participants who are representative of the US population to increase the generalizability of the findings. This is particularly vital in the era of increasing healthcare cost and decreasing National Institutes of Health research dollars.Manoj K. Mittal, MBBSDepartment of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochester, MNJennifer B. McCormick, PhD, MPPDivision of General Internal MedicineMayo Biomedical Ethics Reseach UnitMayo ClinicRochester, MNDisclosuresNone.FootnotesStroke welcomes Letters to the Editor and will publish them, if suitable, as space permits. Letters must reference a Stroke published-ahead-of-print article or an article printed within the past 3 weeks. The maximum length is 750 words including no more than 5 references and 3 authors. Please submit letters typed double-spaced. Letters may be shortened or edited. Include a completed copyright transfer agreement form (available online at http://stroke.ahajournals.org and http://submit-stroke.ahajournals.org).The views expressed by Dr Mittal and Dr McCormick do not represent the views of the Mayo Clinic. References 1. Judd SE, Kleindorfer DO, McClure LA, Rhodes JD, Howard G, Cushman M, et al. Self-report of stroke, transient ischemic attack, or stroke symptoms and risk of future stroke in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.Stroke. 2013; 44:55–60.LinkGoogle Scholar2. Smith YR, Johnson AM, Newman LA, Greene A, Johnson TR, Rogers JL. Perceptions of clinical research participation among African American women.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2007; 16:423–428.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Cruz-Flores S, Rabinstein A, Biller J, Elkind MS, Griffith P, Gorelick PB, et al.; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Racial-ethnic disparities in stroke care: the American experience: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke. 2011; 42:2091–2116.LinkGoogle Scholar4. US Census Bureau, Population Division. Population estimates:April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011, release date: May 2012(http://www.Census.Gov/popest/data/index.Html). Accessed January 12, 2013.Google Scholar5. Day JC. Population projections of the united states by age, sex, race and hispanic origin: 1995 to 2050.Washington, DC: US Government. Printing office; 1996. US Bureau of the Census, current population reports, 25–1130.Google Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails May 2013Vol 44, Issue 5 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.000877PMID: 23549135 Originally publishedApril 2, 2013 PDF download Advertisement" @default.
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