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• W1991062854 abstract "In the pain-flexor reflex, arm extension is temporally coupled with the onset of the unconditioned aversive stimulus, whereas flexion is associated with its offset; when retrieving desirable stimuli, arm flexion is more closely coupled temporally to the acquisition or consumption of the desired stimuli than arm extension. It was posited that these contingencies foster an association between arm flexion, in contrast to extension, and approach motivational orientations. Six experiments were conducted to examine this hypothesis. Ideographs presented during arm flexion were subsequently ranked more positively than ideographs presented during arm extension, but only when the Ss' task was to evaluate the ideographs when they were presented initially. Arm flexion and extension were also each found to have discernible attitudinal effects. These results suggest a possible role for nondeclarative memory in attitude formation. In general, we should not be terribly surprised that it is so difficult to change attitudes and preferences by cognitive methods. These methods do not reach the motor system and other somatic representational systems of the organism. They only deal with one representational system—the one that exists in the form of associative structures, images, and other subjective states. Since attitudes contain such a substantial affective component, they are likely to have multiple representations—and somatic representations are probably among the more significant ones. (Zajonc & Markus, 1982, p. 130) The term attitude comes from the Latin words apto (aptitude or fitness) and acto (postures of the body), both of which have their origin in the Sanskrit root ag, meaning to do or to act (Bull, 1951). The connection between attitude and action carried into the 18th century, when attitude referred to a physi" @default.
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• W1991062854 date "1993-01-01" @default.
• W1991062854 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W1991062854 title "Rudimentary determinants of attitudes: II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes." @default.
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• W1991062854 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.5" @default.
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