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• W1991452487 abstract "There are around 33 species of Stemphylium, many of which are saprophytic and have worldwide distribution. However, several species such as S solani are leaf-spotting parasites on plants like tomato, potato, onion, and cotton.1Shishkoff N. Lorbeer J.W. Etiology of Stemphylium leaf blight of onion.Phytopathol. 1989; 79: 301-304Crossref Google Scholar, 2Bassett I.J. Crompton C.W. Parmalee J.A. An atlas of airborne pollen grains and common fungus spores of Canada. Printing and Publishing, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec1978: 297-299Google Scholar, 3Inderbitzin P. Mehta Y. Berbee M.L. Pleospora species with Stemphylium anamorphs: a four locus phylogeny resolves new lineages yet does not distinguish among species in the Pleospora herbarum clade.Mycologia. 2009; 101: 329-339Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 4Hong S.K. Choi H.W. Lee Y.K. Shim H.S. Lee S.Y. Leaf spot and stem rot on Wilford swallowwort caused by Stemphylium lycopersici in Korea.Mycobiol. 2012; 40: 268-271Crossref PubMed Scopus (14) Google Scholar Growth on hosts is facilitated by humidity of 85–90% and greater than 8 hours of wetness at about 18°C. Stemphylium is the asexual anamorph stage of the ascomycete Pleospora. The sexual ascospores will develop in cold laboratory conditions, but it is unclear what factors are important in natural settings. Stemphylium spores are dry and easily become airborne, and may be more prevalent inland.2Bassett I.J. Crompton C.W. Parmalee J.A. An atlas of airborne pollen grains and common fungus spores of Canada. Printing and Publishing, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec1978: 297-299Google Scholar, 5Al-Doory Y. Domson J.F. Mould Allergy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia1984: 255Google Scholar Spores are found frequently on samplers, but usually in quantities about one quarter of those of Alternaria.[6]Elvira-Rendueles B. Moreno J. Garcia-Sanchez A. et al.Air-spore in Cartagena, Spain: Viable and non-viable sampling methods.Ann Agr Environ Med. 2013; 20: 664-671PubMed Google Scholar Counts peak in the late spring to early summer.7Oliviera M. Ribeiro H. Delgado L. et al.Outdoor allergenic fungal spores: Comparison between an urban and a rural area in northern Portugal.J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010; 20: 117-128PubMed Google Scholar, 8Hasnain S.M. Akhter T. Wagar M.A. Airborne and allergenic fungal spores of the Karachi environment and their correlation with meteorological factors.J Environ Monit. 2012; 14: 1006-1013Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar Stemphylium-induced rhinitis and asthma have been documented by nasal and bronchial provocative challenge in skin test or serologic positive children.[9]Lelong M. Henard J. Wattre P. et al.Does immediate-type respiratory allergy occur regarding Stemphylium? Evaluation of 39 challenge tests.Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1986; 18: 21-26PubMed Google Scholar Angioedema has been attributed to Stemphylium, as has allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis.10Gaudibert R. Quincke’s edema due to Alternaria and Stemphylium.Rev Fr Allergol. 1971; 11: 75-77PubMed Google Scholar, 11Chowdhary A. Agarwal K. Kathuria S. et al.Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to fungi other than Aspergillus: a global overview.Crit Rev Microbiol. 2014; 40: 30-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (140) Google Scholar Antibacterial and anticancer effects have been found in Stemphylium derivatives.12Zhou X.M. Zheng C.J. Song X.P. et al.Antibacterial α-pyrone derivatives from a mangrove-derived fungus Stemphylium sp. 33231 from the South China Sea.J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2014; 67: 401-403Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 13Teiten M.H. Mack F. Debbab A. et al.Anticancer effect of altersolanol A, a metabolite produced by the endophytic fungus Stemphylium globuliferum, mediated by its pro-apoptotic and anti-invaasive potential via the inhibition of NF-κB activity.Bioorg Med Chem. 2013; 21: 3850-3858Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar A plant toxin, stemphol, is also produced.[14]Solfrizzo M. Strange R.N. Sabia C. Visconti A. Production of a toxin stemphol by Stemphylium species.Nat Toxins. 1994; 2: 14-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar Pleospora/Stemphylium is closely related to Alternaria and recent taxonomy places it as a sister clade to the latter.[15]Woudenberg J.H.C. Groenwald J.Z. Binder M. Crous P.W. Alternaria redefined.Studies Mycol. 2013; 75: 171-212Crossref PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar Polyclonal antibodies to Alternaria alternata cross-react broadly to Stemphylium, Epicoccum, Drechslera, and Exserohilum, while not reacting with Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Cladosporium.[16]Schmechel D. Green B.J. Blachere F.M. et al.Analytical bias of cross-reactive polyclonal antibodies for environmental immunoassays of Alternaria alternata.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 121: 763-768Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar The major Alternaria antigen, Alt a 1, appears to be very abundant in Stemphylium and is expressed in other Pleosporaceae members as well.17Agarwal M.K. Jones R.T. Yunginger J.W. Shared allergenic and antigenic determinants in Alternaria and Stemphylium extracts.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982; 70: 437-444Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 18Sáenz-de-Santamaria M. Postigo I. Gutierrez-Rodríguez A. et al.The major allergen of Alternaria alternata (Alt a 1) is expressed in other members of the Pleosporaceae family.Mycoses. 2006; 49: 91-95Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar Spores are formed from the tips of nodose or swollen pale green-brown conidiophores, either singularly or in small clumps. Spores are multicellular, with 6–16 cells, pale to dark brown, oblong, rounded on ends, 24–33 x 15–24 μm. There are usually 3 horizontal and 1–3 vertical septa, with a constriction at the mid-horizontal septum. Surface is scabrate to verrucate. Spores are not found in chains or beaked like Alternaria.2Bassett I.J. Crompton C.W. Parmalee J.A. An atlas of airborne pollen grains and common fungus spores of Canada. Printing and Publishing, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec1978: 297-299Google Scholar, 19Kapp R.O. How to Know Pollen and Spores. Wm. C. Brown Co, Dubuque, IA1969: 207Google Scholar" @default.
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• W1991452487 title "Allergen of the Month—Stemphylium" @default.
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