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- W1991805581 abstract "Plants provide unique opportunities to study the mechanistic basis and evolutionary processes of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Complementary laboratory and field experiments are important for testing hypotheses reflecting long-term ecological and evolutionary history. For example, these approaches can infer whether local adaptation results from genetic tradeoffs (antagonistic pleiotropy), where native alleles are best adapted to local conditions, or if local adaptation is caused by conditional neutrality at many loci, where alleles show fitness differences in one environment, but not in a contrasting environment. Ecological genetics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from model systems. In this review of the evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation, we emphasize the importance of field studies for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of model and nonmodel systems, highlight a key life history trait (flowering time) and discuss emerging conservation issues. Plants provide unique opportunities to study the mechanistic basis and evolutionary processes of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Complementary laboratory and field experiments are important for testing hypotheses reflecting long-term ecological and evolutionary history. For example, these approaches can infer whether local adaptation results from genetic tradeoffs (antagonistic pleiotropy), where native alleles are best adapted to local conditions, or if local adaptation is caused by conditional neutrality at many loci, where alleles show fitness differences in one environment, but not in a contrasting environment. Ecological genetics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from model systems. In this review of the evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation, we emphasize the importance of field studies for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of model and nonmodel systems, highlight a key life history trait (flowering time) and discuss emerging conservation issues. Genetic tradeoffs that occur at the level of a single locus. Antagonistic pleiotropy can maintain genetic variation across the landscape if alleles at a locus underlying a critical fitness component show clear home-site advantage (elevated fitness in home environment, depressed fitness in contrasting environment). At a single locus, or QTL, an allele might show a fitness advantage in its home environment, but no fitness cost in the contrasting environment. Conditional neutrality can contribute to local adaptation at the organismal level when multiple loci interact to determine fitness and alleles from different environments are conditionally favored at different loci. These approaches investigate the genetic bases of phenotypes and contrast with reverse genetic approaches (e.g. gene silencing), which identify the phenotypic effects of known genes. Iteroparous species mate during multiple reproductive cycles over their lives, whereas semelparous species experience only one mating season prior to senescence. Unlike semelparous annual species, perennial species require multiple years to complete their life cycles. However, not all perennial species are iteroparous, rather some long-lived species mate only once after many years of vegetative growth, and are therefore semelparous. Inbred lines that segregate only at QTL of interest, against an identical genomic background, can be used to fine-map ecologically relevant QTL. NILs can be produced by crossing two inbred lines to create heterozygous F1 progeny, creating F2 lines through self-pollination and single seed descent, then backcrossing the progeny to the parental lines and selecting appropriate lines for further study based on trait expression. For species tolerant of inbreeding, two inbred parental lines can be crossed to generate heterozygous F1 hybrids. Through 6–8 generations of self-pollination and single seed descent, RILs can be produced. RILs are primarily homozygous within a line (expected homozygosity of F6 RILs: 96.9%), which allows researchers to expose genetically nearly identical individuals to multiple environments to study the genetic basis of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, the recombination of the parental genomes increases genetic variation and facilitates QTL detection. The rapid rise to fixation (allele frequency = 1) of a beneficial allele reduces genetic variation at linked loci. Exposure of juvenile plants (not seeds) to nonfreezing winter temperatures can promote flowering in some temperate species. Vernalization specifically refers to the length of winter. Vernalization is often an absolute requirement for flowering, but species can vary in the duration of vernalization they need to experience." @default.
- W1991805581 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1991805581 creator A5001342089 @default.
- W1991805581 creator A5009405100 @default.
- W1991805581 creator A5046399976 @default.
- W1991805581 date "2011-07-01" @default.
- W1991805581 modified "2023-10-02" @default.
- W1991805581 title "Evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation" @default.
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