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• W1991843519 endingPage "26" @default.
• W1991843519 startingPage "17" @default.
• W1991843519 abstract "Decades of research on the cellular mechanisms of memory have led to the widely held view that memories are stored as modifications of synaptic strength. These changes involve presynaptic processes, such as direct modulation of the release machinery, or postsynaptic processes, such as modulation of receptor properties. Parallel studies have revealed that memories might also be stored by nonsynaptic processes, such as modulation of voltage-dependent membrane conductances, which are expressed as changes in neuronal excitability. Although in some cases nonsynaptic changes can function as part of the engram itself, they might also serve as mechanisms through which a neural circuit is set to a permissive state to facilitate synaptic modifications that are necessary for memory storage. Decades of research on the cellular mechanisms of memory have led to the widely held view that memories are stored as modifications of synaptic strength. These changes involve presynaptic processes, such as direct modulation of the release machinery, or postsynaptic processes, such as modulation of receptor properties. Parallel studies have revealed that memories might also be stored by nonsynaptic processes, such as modulation of voltage-dependent membrane conductances, which are expressed as changes in neuronal excitability. Although in some cases nonsynaptic changes can function as part of the engram itself, they might also serve as mechanisms through which a neural circuit is set to a permissive state to facilitate synaptic modifications that are necessary for memory storage. refers to the formation of an association either between two stimuli (i.e. classical conditioning) or between a behavior and a stimulus (i.e. operant conditioning). is the ability to associate a predictive stimulus with a subsequent salient event. In classical conditioning procedures, a novel or weak stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with a stimulus that generally elicits a reflexive response (unconditioned stimulus and response, respectively, US and UR). After sufficient training with contingent CS–US presentations (which might be a single trial), the CS becomes capable of eliciting a response (conditioned response, CR), which often resembles the UR (or some aspect of it). is a classical conditioning procedure in which the US occurs during the presentation of the CS. is synonymous with memory trace and indicates the physical representation of a memory. is an active process, by which a conditioned response becomes suppressed during repetitive presentations of the CS alone. is a form of classical conditioning in which an animal learns to express fear in response to a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone; CS) after the stimulus is paired with an aversive event, such as an electrical shock (US). is defined as the gradual decrease of a behavioral response to a weak or moderate stimulus that is presented repeatedly. Following habituation, the response might be restored to its initial state either passively with time (i.e. spontaneous recovery) or with the presentation of a novel stimulus (i.e. dishabituation). refers to a behavioral change that occurs in response to a single stimulus or to two stimuli not temporally related. Habituation and sensitization are two examples of nonassociative learning. is a type of associative learning in which a behavior of an animal is followed by delivering either a desirable or an aversive stimulus, arranged by the experimenter. The desirable stimulus (e.g. food) will typically increase the future occurrence of the behavior (a process called positive reinforcement). An aversive stimulus (e.g. a noxious electric shock) will tend to decrease the future probability of the behavior (a process called punishment). A behavior can also be reinforced when it becomes contingent with the removal of an aversive stimulus from the animal's environment (i.e. negative reinforcement). Thus, through the processes of operant conditioning an animal learns the consequences of its behavior. is the signal representing the summation of the evoked action potentials in postsynaptic neurons. LTP procedures can increase the amplitude of the population spike because more postsynaptic neurons are activated. is defined as the enhancement of a behavioral response elicited by a weak stimulus following another usually noxious stimulus. Sensitization can also develop in response to a moderate stimulus that is presented repeatedly at relatively short intervals. is a classical conditioning procedure in which an interval (the trace) is imposed between the CS offset and the US onset. Following trace conditioning, an animal can learn to time its response to the CS according to the duration of the trace interval imposed between the CS and the US." @default.
• W1991843519 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1991843519 creator A5038822944 @default.
• W1991843519 creator A5084117702 @default.
• W1991843519 date "2010-01-01" @default.
• W1991843519 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W1991843519 title "More than synaptic plasticity: role of nonsynaptic plasticity in learning and memory" @default.
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• W1991843519 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.10.001" @default.

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