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• W1991848972 abstract "Disease of the aortic valve is frequently associated with morphologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. Ectasia of the ascending aorta is commonly associated with bicuspid aortic valve. Degenerative aortic valve disease is often associated with atherosclerotic deposits or aneurysm in the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. Aortic valve disease causing hemodynamic burden sufficient to affect left ventricular structure or function is indication for operation to replace the aortic valve. Current practice dictates replacement of the ascending aorta and/or arch in combination with replacement of the aortic valve because the aortic disease usually does not stabilize and, in fact, progresses despite resolution of disease of the aortic valve. Similarly, aortic disease requiring primary operative intervention in the presence of morphologic abnormalities of the aortic valve is best treated by combined replacement operation because of the frequency of early reoperation on the aortic valve. More aggressive treatment of combined aortic valve and aortic disease has been prompted by the frequent necessity of reoperation for progression of associated morphologic abnormalities, availability of improved aortic valve bioprostheses, and improved ability of surgeons to treat associated disease in a single operation. This article demonstrates use of a stentless aortic root bioprosthesis to replace the aortic valve and aortic root for aortic valve disease associated with (1) aneurysm of ascending aorta; (2) extensive atherosclerotic ulcerated plaque disease of aorta; and (3) coarctation of aorta. These operations are applied in adults and in all cases used the Medtronic Freestyle® aortic root bioprosthesis (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). This device was chosen because of proven efficacy and durability, excellent hemodynamic performance, and no requirement for anticoagulant therapy.1Bach D.S. Kon N.D. Dumesnil J.G. et al.Ten-year outcome after aortic valve replacement with the freestyle stentless bioprosthesis.Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 80: 480-486Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (92) Google Scholar A midline sternotomy incision is made. An aortic perfusion cannula is placed in the distal part of the aortic arch with the tip in the upper portion of the descending thoracic aorta beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery. Alternatively, the right axillary artery may be perfused via a 6-mm tubular polyester prosthesis anastomosed to the side of the artery. A two-stage venous uptake catheter is placed in the right atrium. Cardiopulmonary bypass is established with systemic cooling of the body toward a target temperature of 16 to 20°C. An occlusion clamp is placed on the ascending aorta, and the heart is cooled to 4°C via a catheter placed in the coronary sinus. Retrograde perfusion of the coronary sinus is repeated at 20-minute intervals to maintain heart temperature below 20°C throughout the operation. The aorta is divided 1 cm above the sinotubular junction and just below the occlusion clamp. A tubular polyester vascular prosthesis is selected for replacement of the aorta. The diameter chosen should be approximately equal to the diameter of the distal aorta at the endpoint of the resection. An end-to-end anastomosis of the graft to the aorta is constructed using continuous stitches of 3/0 or 4/0 polypropylene suture. The anastomosis is sealed with BioGlue® (CryoLife, Inc., Kennesaw, GA). Placing a Hegar dilator or valve size calibrator the same diameter as the aortic graft into the anastomosis through the graft when the glue is applied achieves better sealing by smoothing small kinks or folds in the tissue and fabric. Cardiopulmonary bypass is restarted by slowly filling the aorta while agitating the arch arterial branches to dislodge air or to allow debris to float out through the open proximal end of the graft. The occlusion clamp is replaced on the aortic graft. Pump flow is increased and the body temperature is increased toward normal. Cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is the same as described previously except axillary artery perfusion may be favored. A soft spot in the distal aortic arch may also be cannulated, provided the tip of the cannula is beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery. Cardiopulmonary bypass is established and the temperature of the body is lowered toward a target temperature of 16°C. Extreme care is taken when occluding the ascending aorta. The occlusion clamp must be placed on a disease-free area as best as can be ascertained by gentle palpation with limited manipulation of the aorta. There is usually a good spot near the sinotubular junction even when one finds extensive disease in the ascending aorta. Cold cardioplegic solution is administered intermittently by retrograde perfusion of the coronary sinus. The aorta is divided at the sinotubular junction and the aortic root is prepared for replacement as described previously. Part of the replacement may be accomplished during the longer body cooling period required to reach 16°C to assure a safe circulatory arrest time of up to 60 minutes. The patient is prepared for operation as described previously. Cardiopulmonary bypass is established and the body temperature is lowered to provide hypothermic protection of the spinal cord. While the body is cooling, the ascending aorta is occluded, and the heart is protected by retrograde cold cardioplegia. The aortic root is excised and prepared for replacement with an appropriate size aortic root bioprosthesis. The dilated portion of the ascending aorta is excised. When the body temperature reaches 18 to 20°C, cardiopulmonary bypass is discontinued. The aortic occlusion clamp is removed, all dilated aorta are excised, and the distal anastomosis of a tubular polyester graft to the aortic arch is performed as described previously. Figure 2The aortic valve is excised and calcareous deposits are removed from the aortic root. The coronary arteries are separated from the aorta retaining a generous button of sinus aorta around the orifice. Mobilization of the coronary arteries is minimal, if at all. The noncoronary sinus aorta is removed. The diameter of the aorta at the “annulus” is calibrated and an appropriate size aortic root bioprosthesis is selected. The diameter of the bioprosthesis may be the same size or 2 mm larger than the diameter of the aortic annulus. The bioprosthesis is taken through the standard rinsing process to remove glutaraldehyde. By this stage of the operation the body temperature has usually reached the target temperature.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 3Cardiopulmonary bypass is discontinued and blood is drained from the patient to the reservoir of the oxygenator. The patient is placed in deep head-down position. The occlusion clamp is removed from the aorta. Abnormal aorta is excised, going through the aortic arch if necessary. The aortic excision should be complete and extend until the aorta becomes normal diameter. Aortic dilation extending into the descending thoracic aorta dictates a staged operation. Generally, the abnormal aorta can be encompassed by oblique excision of the aortic arch and the aortic perfusion cannula need not be removed.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 4The aortic root is replaced with the previously selected aortic root bioprosthesis.2Doty D.B. Cardiac Surgery: Operative Technique. Mosby, St. Louis, MO1997: 236-237Google Scholar Retraction stitches placed at the apex of the aortic valve commissures enhance exposure. Continuous stitches of 3/0 polypropylene are used to attach the inflow suture cuff of the bioprosthesis to the aortic valve annulus. The bioprosthesis is placed in anatomic position relative to the coronary arteries. A small taper-cut needle makes perforation of the sewing cuff easier. Markers on the sewing cuff are used to align the device with the commissures. The bioprosthesis is held apart from the annulus as the suture loops are placed. A heavy silk suture (2/0 or 0) is passed around every third suture loop to make pulling up of the suture loops easier. Suturing begins below the commissure between the left and right aortic sinuses and proceeds clockwise to the mid point of the noncoronary sinus. Returning to the starting point, the opposite end of the suture is used proceeding counterclockwise below the left sinus to completion in the noncoronary sinus. The bioprosthesis is seated in the aortic root by pulling up on the silk tension sutures sequentially. The suture line is sealed with BioGlue®.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 5The porcine left coronary artery is removed from the bioprosthesis to create a generous opening. The left coronary artery usually fits perfectly to the prosthesis. Continuous stitches of 5/0 polypropylene suture are used to anastomose the coronary artery button to the graft.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 6The right coronary artery may not exactly approximate the position of the porcine right coronary artery on the bioprosthesis. Thus, the site of the opening into the right coronary sinus is adjusted appropriately but usually includes some of the graft right coronary artery. The right coronary button is anastomosed to the graft using 5/0 polypropylene suture. Coronary artery anastomoses are sealed with BioGlue®.. Evidence of myocardial ischemia after aortic root replacement is indication for relocation of the coronary anastomosis or coronary artery bypass graft.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 7The aortic graft is shortened appropriately and the aortic root bioprosthesis and aortic graft are beveled with the lateral walls longer than medial to achieve a natural shape of the aorta and reduce chance for kinking. A cuff of the graft is fashioned and placed over the graft to cover the anastomosis. An end-to-end anastomosis of the bioprosthesis to the graft is constructed using continuous stitches of 4/0 polypropylene suture to complete the repair. BioGlue® is infused under the reinforcing cuff to attach it to and seal the anastomosis.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 8Degenerative aortic valve disease may be accompanied by atherosclerotic disease of the ascending aorta and arch. Ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta place the patient at risk for intraoperative stroke due to atheroemboli. Addressing this risk factor during aortic root replacement should improve survival and reduce neurologic comorbidity.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 9Cardiopulmonary bypass is discontinued when body temperature reaches 16°C. The occlusion clamp is removed from the aorta. The aorta is divided just proximal to the origin of the brachiocephalic artery. The entire ascending aorta is excised. The aortic arch is examined and the extent of atherosclerotic involvement is determined. Part of the aortic arch can be excised by oblique incision across the inferior aspect. Dissection plane is opened between the aortic media and adventitia.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 10Working through the open end of the aorta, an endarterectomy of the affected portion of the arch is performed. This may require removing all of the arch intima-media and extending the dissection into the arch arterial branches. Smooth attachment of arterial intima must be assured at the endpoint of the endarterectomy when atheromatous disease is removed from arch branches. Endarterectomy extending into the artery beyond visualization of the intima (blind endarterectomy) may be required but adds risk to the procedure.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 11A tubular polyester vascular graft is tailored obliquely when part of the arch has been removed. Placing the short angle of the graft medially on the aortic arch prevents kinking of the graft as it is brought down to the aortic root. An end-to-end anastomosis of the graft to the aortic arch is constructed using continuous stitches of 4/0 polypropylene suture. The anastomosis is sealed with BioGlue® as described previously. Cardiopulmonary bypass flow is restored and air and debris are removed from the aorta as described previously. The aortic root is replaced with an aortic root bioprosthesis and the aortic graft is anastomosed to the root bioprosthesis as described previously to complete the repair. The bioprosthesis to ascending aorta graft anastomosis is sealed with BioGlue®.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 12Coarctation of the aorta is frequently associated with bicuspid aortic valve diagnosed during infancy. Dilation or aneurysm of the ascending aorta is acquired later in life. Coarctation treated during infancy or childhood may present with residual or recurrent aortic obstruction when associated aortic valve disease has progressed and requires aortic valve replacement. Approaching the upper descending aorta at reoperation carries considerable risk of not only hemorrhage but also spinal cord injury. Bypass of the aortic obstruction is an acceptable and probably preferable safe single-stage operation in patients at adult or near-adult body size.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 13The heart is elevated from the pericardial sac and retracted superiorly. The pericardial sac posterior to the heart is opened over the descending aorta. Minimal dissection is required to expose sufficient aorta to allow occlusion with “C”-shaped vascular clamp. If the aorta is small, two 20°-angle vascular clamps may work better. The aorta is incised longitudinally. A 10-mm-diameter externally supported tubular polytetrafluoroethylene graft is selected. An end-to-side anastomosis of the graft to the aorta is constructed using continuous stitches of 4/0 or 5/0 polypropylene. Placing several or even all suture loops between the graft and aorta before approximating the graft to the aorta simplifies the anastomosis. BioGlue® is used to seal the anastomosis. Cardiopulmonary bypass flow is restored and the body temperature is increased. The aortic occlusion clamp is moved from the aorta to the graft. Hemostasis is assured at this point of the operation because it is difficult to get back to the anastomosis after the heart is filled and beating.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 14An opening is made in the pericardial reflection posterior to the inferior vena cava. The graft is pulled through this opening so that it lies in the pericardial sac between the inferior vena cava and the right inferior pulmonary vein, taking a course along the interatrial groove to the right lateral aspect of the aorta.3Doty D.B. Extra-anatomic aortic bypass for thoracic aortic obstruction (letter).J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 121: 1222-1223PubMed Google ScholarView Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT)Figure 15The aortic root is replaced with an aortic root bioprosthesis. The aortic graft is anastomosed to the aortic root bioprosthesis. An opening is made in the right lateral aspect of the aortic graft above the level of the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium. The aortic bypass graft is anastomosed to the ascending aorta graft in end-to-side fashion using continuous stitches of 4/0 polyprolene suture (Fig. 16). The anastomosis is sealed with BioGlue®.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Three techniques are described herein which allow one-stage treatment of aortic problems associated with aortic root disease. Similarly, aortic root replacement in conjunction with treatment of primarily aortic pathologic change may be accomplished in a one-stage operation providing thorough correction of all abnormalities. Complete repair of aortic and aortic valve malformations should reduce comorbidity and prevent interim progression of disease which could lead to reoperation prematurely." @default.
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• W1991848972 title "Stentless Aortic Bioprosthesis for Disease of the Aortic Valve, Root and Ascending Aorta" @default.
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