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• W1992092652 abstract "Free AccessSurgeryCPAP Adherence during the Perioperative Period Babak Mokhlesi, M.D., M.Sc., F.A.A.S.M., Amy S. Guralnick, M.D. Babak Mokhlesi, M.D., M.Sc., F.A.A.S.M. Address correspondence to: Babak Mokhlesi, M.D., M.Sc., Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Director of Sleep Disorders Center, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 6076, Room M630, Chicago, IL 60637 E-mail Address: [email protected] University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Search for more papers by this author , Amy S. Guralnick, M.D. University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Search for more papers by this author Published Online:July 15, 2013https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.2858Cited by:1SectionsPDF ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations AboutINTRODUCTIONWe thank Drs. Esquinas and Cistulli for their thoughtful comments and careful review of our recent study in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.1 We believe the most important finding of our study was that the majority of patients referred from the Anesthesia Perioperative Medicine Clinic and subsequently diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were poorly adherent to auto-PAP therapy during the perioperative period (median adherence of 2.5 h per night). As we pointed out in our discussion, the overall adherence was significantly lower than what we have reported in our clinical practice as well as what has been widely reported in the literature.2–5 In multivariate linear regression modeling, OSA severity was not a predictor of CPAP adherence. Esquinas and Cistulli note that increasing OSA severity is associated with better CPAP adherence. However, there are conflicting data on the association of OSA severity and the presence of daytime sleepiness with adherence to CPAP therapy. Although disease severity is frequently identified as influential on CPAP adherence, the relationships are relatively weak, and when other factors are included, disease severity and sleepiness are less contributory to CPAP adherence.6,7 In another independent cohort of 403 non-presurgical patients seen at our institution, we also found that the severity of OSA and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were not predictive of CPAP adherence.2 In fact, the only predictors of reduced CPAP adherence in that cohort were African American race and non-sleep specialists ordering polysomnograms and CPAP therapy. We agree that male gender may simply be a marker of other important predictors of CPAP adherence, but unfortunately, our data do not allow us to better delineate it. Our regression model shows that a score above 16 on the validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was independently associated with 65 minutes lower mean CPAP adherence per night during the first 30 days of therapy. Esquinas and Cistulli contend that this association has “dual interpretation in the population tested in this study and is not clearly in the same direction of previous studies.” Although we acknowledge that validated measures of depressive symptoms are not routinely measured or reported in the context of CPAP adherence, two prior studies have reported an association between lower psychological well-being and reduced CPAP adherence.7,8 As we discussed in the limitations, the findings in our inner-city urban cohort may not be applicable to other populations, and as such, further studies are needed to confirm our findings. We agree that our study was limited by lacking information on the extent of postoperative pain and sedative-narcotic use. However, the types of surgery are described in the first paragraph of the results.Our entire cohort was directly referred from the Anesthesia Perioperative Medicine Clinic to the sleep laboratory for a diagnostic polysomnogram. On average, the patients underwent in-laboratory split-night polysomnograms just 4 days before the scheduled date of surgery. Given the time constraints and the inability of the sleep clinicians to fully evaluate the patients prior to surgery, we implemented a program in which the patients would receive an auto-PAP device upon awakening in the sleep laboratory. In regards to the pressure settings of the auto-PAP devices, we believe that providing a very wide range of pressures (e.g., 4-20 cm H2O) was not necessary since our patients had all been manually titrated during the polysomnogram. We set the upper limit of the auto-pap pressure just a few cm of H2O above the optimal pressure with the rationale that in the immediate postoperative period, the patients may need a higher pressure due to the effect of sedatives and narcotics on the upper airway collapsibility. We agree that having additional information on residual AHI and mask leak as estimated by the CPAP units would have been of interest, but unfortunately not all CPAP units had the capability of reporting these variables. We also agree that having postoperative outcomes would have strengthened our study, but as we pointed out in our limitations, given that overall serious postoperative complications due to OSA are rare, our study was neither powered nor designed to ascertain rates of postoperative complications.Of interest, in a recent randomized controlled trial of patients undergoing elective hip/knee arthroplasty, patients suspected of having moderate or severe OSA were randomized to auto-PAP therapy during the postoperative period vs. standard of care. Even in this rigorous clinical trial, the median postoperative daily auto-PAP usage was suboptimal at 184.5 minutes per night. Moreover, empiric auto-PAP therapy led to a 1 day increase in median length of stay in those that were adherent to therapy.9 This study raises new questions about the role for empiric postoperative auto-PAP therapy. Therefore, we wholeheartedly agree with Esquinas and Cistulli that further research is needed to identify barriers to CPAP adherence in this patient population, or efforts directed towards diagnosis are likely to be wasted. Given the large volume of elective surgeries performed globally, implementation of systematic screening and empiric auto-PAP therapy in patients at risk for OSA would impose a significant cost burden. This underlines the need for further clinical research to determine the most efficient methods to identify presurgical patients that would benefit from CPAP therapy as well as the utility of education programs before surgery that aim to improve perioperative CPAP adherence and patient outcomes.DISCLOSURE STATEMENTDr. Mokhlesi has received consultant fee from Philips/Respironics. Dr. Guralnick has indicated no financial conflicts of interest.CITATIONMokhlesi B; Guralnick AS. CPAP adherence during the perioperative period. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(7):733-734.REFERENCES1 Esquinas AM, Cistulli PIs prediction of CPAP adherence in obstructive sleep apnea in the perioperative setting feasible?J Clin Sleep Med; 2013;9:731. LinkGoogle Scholar2 Pamidi S, Knutson KL, Ghods F, Mokhlesi BThe impact of sleep consultation prior to a diagnostic polysomnogram on continuous positive airway pressure adherence. Chest; 2012;141:51-7, 21700685. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3 Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LRet al.Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis; 1993;147:887-95, 8466125. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4 Engleman HM, Martin SE, Douglas NJCompliance with CPAP therapy in patients with the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax; 1994;49:263-6, 8202884. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5 Reeves-Hoche MK, Meck R, Zwillich CWNasal CPAP: an objective evaluation of patient compliance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med; 1994;149:149-54, 8111574. CrossrefGoogle Scholar6 Sawyer AM, Gooneratne NS, Marcus CL, Ofer D, Richards KC, Weaver TEA systematic review of CPAP adherence across age groups: clinical and empiric insights for developing CPAP adherence interventions. Sleep Med Rev; 2011;15:343-56, 21652236. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7 Poulet C, Veale D, Arnol N, Levy P, Pepin JL, Tyrrell JPsychological variables as predictors of adherence to treatment by continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med; 2009;10:993-9, 19332381. CrossrefGoogle Scholar8 Edinger JD, Carwile S, Miller P, Hope V, Mayti CPsychological status, syndromatic measures, and compliance with nasal CPAP therapy for sleep apnea. Percept Mot Skills; 1994;78:1116-8, 7936934. CrossrefGoogle Scholar9 O'Gorman SM, Gay PC, Morgenthaler TIDoes auto-titrating positive airway pressure therapy improve postoperative outcome in patients at risk for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome? a randomized controlled clinical trial. Chest; 201313 http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-0989. [Epub ahead of print]. Google Scholar Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Value from the Patients’ and Payers’ PerspectivesAtkins J and Fleisher L Anesthesiology Clinics, 10.1016/j.anclin.2015.07.001, Vol. 33, No. 4, (651-658), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Volume 09 • Issue 07 • July 15, 2013ISSN (print): 1550-9389ISSN (online): 1550-9397Frequency: Monthly Metrics History Submitted for publicationMarch 1, 2013Accepted for publicationMarch 1, 2013Published onlineJuly 15, 2013 Information© 2013 American Academy of Sleep MedicinePDF download" @default.
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