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• W1993679711 abstract "Even before Hippocrates stated that, “he who would be a surgeon must first go to war”, medicine was closely involved with the military. War has bought about advancement in many aspects of medicine, although observations on the effects of weapons have also been used to enhance lethality by scientists and designers of munitions. On occasions, the actions of doctors in publicising the effects of particular weapons has led to international concern and resulted in the implementation of various treaties to outlaw the use of exploding bullets,1The international law concerning the conduct of hostilities. The International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva1989Google Scholar chemical and biological weapons,2Protocol for the prohibition of the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases nd of bacterological methods of warfare. United Nations, Geneva1925Google Scholar and most recently antipersonnel landmines.3Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction. United Nations, Geneva1997Google Scholar However, all these treaties have been enacted retrospectively, after a technological advance in weapons science has had unacceptable effects on the battlefield. The SIrUS (superfluous injury, unnecessary suffering) project is an attempt to define what is an acceptable amount of violence during war There is nothing new in the notion that inflicting superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering is unacceptable. The very phrase is contained in article 35 of the additional protocols to the Geneva Convention. The SIrUS project attempts to define unnecessary suffering to provide legislators with a document to work from when assessing the effect of weapons on people. As the result of the debate generated,4Coupland RM The effects of weapons: defining superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering.Med Global Survival. 1996; 3: A1Google Scholar the Red Cross coordinated a diverse group of doctors, lawyers, and weapons experts to produce a consensus document. The criteria are as follows: weapons causing specific disease, permanent disability, or disfigurement or abnormal physiological or psychological state; field mortality above 25% or hospital mortality above 5%; grade 3 wounds as measured by the Red Cross wound classification;5Coupland RM The classification of war wounds: the EXCFVM scoring system.World J Surg. 1992; 16: 910-917Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar and effects of no well recognised treatment. Past weapons legislation has been reactive and based on the technology involved. SIrUS changes the perspective by viewing a weapon's legitimacy by the effects rather than the design. Most conventional weapons fall within the criteria. Other weapons such as blinding lasers, acoustic weapons, and gene-specific biological devices fall outside the criteria and may be regarded as unacceptable by currently existing international treaties. Endorsed by a sufficient body of medical opinion, SIrUS could be useful in halting the development of destructive weapons before they are tested on the battlefield. SIrUS is not an attempt to ban warfare, nor is it antimilitary. Many participants are serving or former soldiers and regard the use of arms in a just cause as reasonable. Man now has sufficient means to destroy his fellow man, and the development of new techniques to kill and maim are both unnecessary and superfluous." @default.
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• W1993679711 date "1999-06-01" @default.
• W1993679711 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W1993679711 title "Weapons and the law" @default.
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• W1993679711 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)77907-1" @default.
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