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• W1993832510 abstract "AbstractIt is often stated that we live in an era of populist zeitgeist, namely, that populism today has become part of everyday politics. Despite systematic attempts to investigate the validity of this claim in Western European democracies, the situation in the Baltic states has been overlooked. This article marks the first attempt to investigate the dynamics of populism in the Latvian party manifestos by using novel research methodology to quantitatively estimate how populist Latvian political parties have become over an extensive period of time. Our findings reveal that in the last two decades populism has indeed become more widespread in Latvian party manifestos, yet it does not seem to be very effective and is largely primarily used by electorally unsuccessful parties.Keywords: Latviapolitical partiesmanifestoscontent analysislevel of populism Notes1 Although in this definition Mudde refers to ideology, in other contributions he has specifically stated that he considers populism to be a thin ideology.2 We used the kappa coefficient to estimate the reliability of content analysis. For this reason each manifesto was coded twice. The results are: 0.82 (1993), .94 (1995), .94 (1998), .92 (2002), .96 (2006), .94 (2010), .96 (2011). If coefficient values are > 0.70, it indicates high measurement reliability.3 The average number of sentences and the standard deviation in the manifestos for all seven elections are: 39.83 (st.dev. 12.02) in 1993; 39.26 (st.dev. 10.71) in 1995; 44.1 (st.dev.10.1) in 1998; 42.3 (st.dev.12.02) in 2002; 44.11 (st.dev. 9.99) in 2006; 42.50 (st.dev. 13.80) in 2010; 42.85 (st.dev. 10.66) in 2011.4 We also have provided the overall proportion between the number of populist sentences and all sentences in the manifestos (information only for those parties who included both features) – VATB: 11/17; PA: 11/21; KZ: 7/22; L: 11/36; LLP: 5/23; NS: 7/35; LDDP: 5/44 (for 1993); PMZPA: 13/40; LLP: 11/30; KDT: 6/28; LSP: 13/40; MPALNP: 4/32; DP: 6/13; LTF: 13/38; PAT: 5/48; TKL ZP: 6/29 (for 1995); TKL ZP: 14/56; DPS: 13/52; LNDP: 10/63; DP: 16/42; JP: 8/44; TKB: 13/44; LZS: 9/56 (for 1998); LP:22/61; LPP:7/38; LARP: 21/46; PAC: 8/43; MZ:16/44; LG:9/38; LSDSP:4/50; PCTVL:9/44 (for 2002); JL:5/52; NLAOLL:20/57; NSS:8/38; JD:8/43; MZ:17/46; LSDSP:3/41; PCTVL:13/54; E: 7/47; SC:11/51; Dz:7/39; TS:9/50 (for 2006); DL:9/58; PP:17/46; SC:12/41; TK:6/13; PCTVL:8/41; PPR:13/52; A:4/35 (for 2010); TK:7/23; BBBND:8/58; VL-TB/LNNK:9/41; PPR:11/53; PP:8/37; SC:3/31; PCTVL:7/35; ZRP:7/39; V:8/44 (for 2011).5 The percentage of parties that included populist messages for each election year is: 30.43 (1993), 47.37 (1995), 33.33 (1998), 35.00 (2002), 57.89 (2006), 53.85 (2010) and 69.23 (2011).6 We used a bivariate correlation model to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), which varies from +1.00 (indicating strong positive correlation) to −1.00 (indicating strong negative correlation). None of the cases indicated a statistically significant correlation (p > .05).7 Comparisons with Western European countries should be made with caution, because they applied slightly different methodology and coding strategy, differentiating between mainstream and non-mainstream (including populist) parties, and selecting only two elections in the 1990s and 2000s.Additional informationNotes on contributorsIlze BalcereIlze Balcere is a doctoral student at the University of Latvia. She also teaches courses in research methods and comparative politics. She has participated in various international research projects dealing with populism, democracy, and coalition governments. Her research interests include populism, political parties, voting behavior, and government formation. She is currently working on her dissertation entitled: “Populism in the discourse of Latvian political parties in the period from 1993 till 2011.”" @default.
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• W1993832510 date "2014-07-29" @default.
• W1993832510 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1993832510 title "Populism in the Manifestos of Latvian Political Parties: Increasingly Used but Ineffective?" @default.
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