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• W1994041856 abstract "Vol. 114, No. 9 PerspectivesOpen AccessChemical Mixtures: Greater-than-Additive Effects? Gerald A. LeBlanc and Guirong Wang Gerald A. LeBlanc Search for more papers by this author and Guirong Wang Search for more papers by this author Published:1 September 2006https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a517Cited by:8AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Various combinations of chemicals are being detected in the environment with increasing frequency. This has raised awareness that we are not exposed to individual chemicals in isolation and heightens concern that the toxicity of individual chemicals may not represent toxicity when the chemicals are present in combination. Of greatest concern is that chemicals in combination may elicit synergistic toxicity that goes undetected in evaluations of individual chemical toxicity.In a recent article, Hayes et al. (2006) assessed the effects of nine pesticides individually (at 0.10 ppb) and in combination (each at 0.10 ppb) on time to foreleg emergence and time to complete tail resorption in Rana pipiens. Both end points are measures of larval development in frogs. The authors reported that the pesticide mixture had a much greater effect on these developmental parameters than did the individual chemicals; they concluded that estimating ecologic risk of pesticides on amphibians using studies that examine single pesticides may lead to gross underestimates of the role of pesticides in amphibian declines. Clearly, Hayes et al. implied that the combined effect of the nine pesticides is greater than the sum of the individual chemicals. But is this speculation of synergy warranted from these data?To invoke synergy, one must—at a minimum—exclude the possibility of concentration or response additivity. Concentration additivity may appear as synergy when individual constituents, sharing the same mechanism of toxicity, in a mixture are all present below the threshold concentrations required for toxicity. However, in combination, the joint concentration of the constituents exceeds that threshold concentration, resulting in significant adversity. These experiments were not designed to assess concentration additivity, so no judgment can be made either in favor of or against the possibility that the toxicity of the mixture represented concentration additivity. However, individual responses to the nine pesticides were shown in graph form (Figure 1; Hayes et al. 2006), which allows for an assessment of response additivity for the mixture. Eight of nine pesticides prolonged the time to foreleg emergence, and nine of nine chemicals prolonged the time to tail resorption. However, these effects were not statistically significant, with the exception of the effects elicited by propiconzole.We subjected these data to analyses for response additivity under the assumption that the observed effects were real but were not statistically significant due to the low power of the experimental design. A description of the response additivity model is available on our website [Computational Approach to the Toxicity Assessment of Mixtures (CATAM) 2006a] along with a mixtures toxicity calculator used in these analyses (CATAM 2006b). The response addition model predicted that the mixture of pesticides would prolong the time to foreleg emergence from 44 days to 60 days and the time to tail resorption from 56 days to 67 days. Hayes et al. (2006) determined that the pesticide mixture extended these developmental time points to 59 ± 2 days and 70 ± 2 days, respectively (mean ± SE; these values are our best estimates from Hayes et al.’s Figure 2). Thus, response addition alone explains the toxicity associated with a pesticide mixture. There is no need to invoke greater-than-additive effects and no need to raise concern that mixtures of these pesticides cause unexpected toxicity.Toxicity of mixtures is a perplexing problem that warrants significant investigation. However, when assessing the toxicity of chemical mixtures, it is prudent to test the null hypothesis of no interactions. Only upon rejection of this hypothesis should the possibility of synergistic interactions be considered. In response to the question posed by Hayes et al. (2006) in the title of their article—”Pesticide Mixtures … Are We Underestimating the Impact?”—the evidence presented suggests that the answer is “no.”ReferenceHayes TB, Case P, Chui S, Chung D, Haeffele C, Haston Ket al.. 2006. Pesticide mixtures, endocrine disruption, and amphibian declines: are we underestimating the impact?Environ Health Perspect 114(suppl 1):40-50doi:10.1289/ehp.8051 [Online 24 January 2006].16818245. Link, Google ScholarComputational Approach to the Toxicity Assessment of Mixtures (CATAM) 2006a. A Computational Framework for Assessing the Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures. Available: http://wang.tox.ncsu.edu/model5/ [accessed 28 July 2006]. Google ScholarComputational Approach to the Toxicity Assessment of Mixtures (CATAM) 2006b. Hazard Calculator. Available: http://wang.tox.ncsu.edu/model5/linked_files/php_files/che_res_form.php [accessed 28 July 2006]. Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Ruiz de Arcaute C, Soloneski S and Larramendy M (2018) Synergism of mixtures of dicamba and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide formulations on the neotropical fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Poeciliidae), Environmental Pollution, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.049, 236, (33-39), Online publication date: 1-May-2018. Van Der Kraak G, Hosmer A, Hanson M, Kloas W and Solomon K (2014) Effects of Atrazine in Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles: An Analysis Based on Quantitative Weight of Evidence, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 10.3109/10408444.2014.967836, 44:sup5, (1-66), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2014. Christin M, Ménard L, Giroux I, Marcogliese D, Ruby S, Cyr D, Fournier M and Brousseau P (2012) Effects of agricultural pesticides on the health of Rana pipiens frogs sampled from the field, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10.1007/s11356-012-1160-1, 20:2, (601-611), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013. Tian D, Lin Z and Yin D (2012) Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR) for Binary Mixtures at Non-Equitoxic Ratios Based on Toxic Ratios-Effects Curves, Dose-Response, 10.2203/dose-response.11-042.Lin, 11:2, (dose-response.1), Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013. Tian D, Lin Z, Ding J, Yin D and Zhang Y (2011) Application of the Similarity Parameter (λ) to Prediction of the Joint Effects of Nonequitoxic Mixtures, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 10.1007/s00244-011-9695-6, 62:2, (195-209), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012. Tian D, Lin Z, Yin D, Zhang Y and Kong D (2011) Atomic charges of individual reactive chemicals in binary mixtures determine their joint effects: An example of cyanogenic toxicants and aldehydes, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 10.1002/etc.1701, 31:2, (270-278), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2012. Solomon K, Carr J, Du Preez L, Giesy J, Kendall R, Smith E and Van Der Kraak G (2008) Effects of Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 10.1080/10408440802116496, 38:9, (721-772), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2008. Coria J (2018) The Economics of Toxic Substance Control and the REACH Directive, Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10.1093/reep/rey003 Vol. 114, No. 9 September 2006Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 September 2006Published in print1 September 2006 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days." @default.
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