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- W1994285319 abstract "Metallurgical examinations and life predictions were performed for six water-cooled tubing bends. All of the tubes had axially oriented cracks on the inside surface of the tube bends near the neutral axis position and one of the tubes had failed. The cracking was intermittent or semi-continuous indicating multiple crack initiation sites. The cracks were transgranular, oxide-filled, and branched. One sample was cold fractured and examination of the fracture surface in the SEM revealed beachmarks and thumbnail shaped cracks. The tube shape is nominally oval and the ovality varied from 5% to 8-1/2%. Increased hoop stresses are expected on the inside surface at the neutral axis of a bend due to ovality. The failure mechanism is corrosion fatigue. Life predictions were performed as an aid in inspections and fitness for service assessments. Because the cracking was near the neutral axis, the straight tube geometry was used for the crack growth calculations. A parametric approach was used with three initial crack depths and stress amplification values of 1, 1.2, and 1.5 to account for stress increases due to ovality. The failure criterion was the reference stress equal to the minimum flow stress of carbon steel. For a stress amplification of 1.5 times the pressure induced stress, the calculated lives were 2,420 cycles for an initial normalized crack depth of 10% and 130 cycles for an initial normalized crack depth of 30%." @default.
- W1994285319 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1994285319 creator A5011553831 @default.
- W1994285319 date "2007-01-01" @default.
- W1994285319 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W1994285319 title "Corrosion Fatigue and Life Assessment of Tube Bends" @default.
- W1994285319 doi "https://doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26025" @default.
- W1994285319 hasPublicationYear "2007" @default.
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