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• W1996983058 endingPage "546" @default.
• W1996983058 startingPage "537" @default.
• W1996983058 abstract "Most readers of this review originated from a sperm–egg fusion event. Cell fusion is a process that is crucial at many intersections later during development. However, we do not know which molecules (fusogens) fuse the membranes of gametes to form zygotes, myoblasts to form myotubes in muscles, macrophages to form osteoclasts in bones, or cytotrophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblasts in placentas. There are five gold standards that can be applied for the identification of genuine fusogens. Based on these criteria, a numerical score can be used to assess the likelihood of protein fusogenicity. We compare distinct families of candidate developmental, viral and intracellular fusogens and analyze current models of membrane fusion. Most readers of this review originated from a sperm–egg fusion event. Cell fusion is a process that is crucial at many intersections later during development. However, we do not know which molecules (fusogens) fuse the membranes of gametes to form zygotes, myoblasts to form myotubes in muscles, macrophages to form osteoclasts in bones, or cytotrophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblasts in placentas. There are five gold standards that can be applied for the identification of genuine fusogens. Based on these criteria, a numerical score can be used to assess the likelihood of protein fusogenicity. We compare distinct families of candidate developmental, viral and intracellular fusogens and analyze current models of membrane fusion. The binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida triggers the fusion of the acrosomal vesicle found at the sperm head with the sperm cell membrane. The fusion results in the release of the acrosomal proteolytic enzymes that lyze the zona pellucida, enabling the sperm to reach the egg membrane. a family of membrane proteins with a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. The ADAMs are involved in diverse processes such as development and cell–cell interactions. the inner layer of trophoblast cells. a novel family of nematode-specific type-1 membrane proteins, necessary and sufficient for cell fusion. These proteins contain a conserved signature of cysteines at their ectodomain. the human endogenous retroviral protein family. a new family of HERVs, that is not replication competent. the immunoglobulin superfamily is a large group of proteins that share structural similarities, all possessing the immunoglobulin domain. The family includes cell surface and soluble proteins involved in adhesion, recognition and binding of cells. defective spermatogenesis 9 protein. spermatogenesis or fertilization defective 1 protein. multinucleated layer formed by the fusion of trophoblast cells. epithelial cells that form the outer layer surrounding the blastocyst and attach the embryo to the uterus wall. The trophoblasts provide nourishment from the mother and develop into a large part of the placenta. an ‘H’-shaped syncytium (hymen) that connects the uterus to the vagina and attaches to the lateral epidermal seam cells in C. elegans. a thick glycoprotein outer layer surrounding the mammalian oocyte. The sperm binds to the zona pellucida, and this binding triggers the acrosomal reaction, which enables the sperm to penetrate." @default.
• W1996983058 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1996983058 creator A5013396870 @default.
• W1996983058 creator A5025592013 @default.
• W1996983058 date "2007-11-01" @default.
• W1996983058 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
• W1996983058 title "Cell fusion during development" @default.
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