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• W1998332007 abstract "In the August issue of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology,Grichnik et al., 1998Grichnik J.M. Burch J.A. Burchette J. Shea C.R. The SCF/KIT pathway plays a critical role in the control of normal human melanocyte homeostasis.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 233-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar demonstrated the responsiveness of adult human melanocytes to stem cell factor (SCF) in vivo. We have been interested in the role of SCF in postnatal skin since we discovered the production of SCF by human keratinocytes, and noted that the presence of the soluble form of SCF is associated with locally increased pigment production in the epidermis of patients with urticaria pigmentosa (Longley et al., 1993Longley B.J. Morganroth G.S. Tyrrell L. Ding T.G. Anderson D.M. Williams D.E. Halaban R. Altered metabolism of mast-cell growth factor (c-kit ligand) in cutaneous mastocytosis.N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 1302-1307Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar). These observations first implicated local production of SCF in postnatal melanocyte function. We agree withGrichnik et al., 1998Grichnik J.M. Burch J.A. Burchette J. Shea C.R. The SCF/KIT pathway plays a critical role in the control of normal human melanocyte homeostasis.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 233-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar that their current findings are further evidence of the fundamental role played by the SCF-KIT pathway in the regulation of melanocyte proliferation and differentiation in human postnatal skin. We would like to take this opportunity, however, to focus discussion on the difference between the role of soluble SCF, studied byGrichnik et al., 1995Grichnik J.M. Crawford J. Jimenez F. et al.Human recombinant stem-cell factor induces melanocytic hyperplasia in susceptible patients.J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33: 577-583Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar and colleagues (Costa et al., 1996Costa J.J. Demetri G.D. Harrist T.J. et al.Recombinant human stem cell factor (KIT ligand) promotes human mast cell and melanocyte hyperplasia and functional activation in vivo.J Exp Med. 1996; 183: 2681-2686Crossref PubMed Scopus (221) Google Scholar;Grichnik et al., 1998Grichnik J.M. Burch J.A. Burchette J. Shea C.R. The SCF/KIT pathway plays a critical role in the control of normal human melanocyte homeostasis.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 233-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar), and the role of membrane-bound keratinocyte-associated SCF. The majority of the immunoreactive SCF found in normal human skin is bound to keratinocyte cell membranes rather than being present in a soluble form, as originally observed by us (Longley et al., 1993Longley B.J. Morganroth G.S. Tyrrell L. Ding T.G. Anderson D.M. Williams D.E. Halaban R. Altered metabolism of mast-cell growth factor (c-kit ligand) in cutaneous mastocytosis.N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 1302-1307Crossref PubMed Scopus (244) Google Scholar) and confirmed by others (Hamann et al., 1995Hamann K. Haas N. Grabbe J. Czarnetzki B.M. Expression of stem cell factor in cutaneous mastocytosis.Br J Dermatol. 1995; 133: 203-208Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar). Membrane-bound SCF and soluble SCF have different effects on cells (Toksoz et al., 1992Toksoz D. Zsebo K.M. Smith K.A. et al.Support of human hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures by murine stromal cells selectively expressing the membrane-bound and secreted forms of the human homolog of the steel gene product, stem cell factor.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 7350-7354Crossref PubMed Scopus (252) Google Scholar;Miyazawa et al., 1995Miyazawa K. Williams D.A. Gotoh A. Nishimaki J. Broxmeyer H.E. Toyama K. Membrane-bound Steel factor induces more persistent tyrosine kinase activation and longer life span of c-kit gene-encoded protein than its soluble form.Blood. 1995; 85: 641-649Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), so the distinction may be important in vivo. In particular, based on the following observations it appears that soluble SCF is insufficient to support the normal migration and maintenance of melanocytes in the skin. Sl/Sld mice, whose cells produce only soluble SCF, are white and have no melanocytes in the epidermis or hair follicles, indicating that the soluble form of the molecule is incapable of supporting melanocyte development and function (Silvers, 1979Silvers W.K. The Coat Colors of Mice: a Model for Mammalian Gene Action and Interaction. Springer-Verlag, New York1979Crossref Google Scholar;Anderson et al., 1990Anderson D.M. Lyman S.D. Baird A. et al.Molecular cloning of mast cell growth factor, a hematopoietin that is active in both membrane bound and soluble forms. Cell 63: 235–243, 1990 [Erratum.Cell. 1990; 63: 1112AAbstract Full Text PDF Scopus (712) Google Scholar). In normal mice, the gene for SCF is expressed in the epidermis during development but not postnatally (Yoshida et al., 1996Yoshida H. Hayashi S. Shultz L.D. Yamamura K. Nishikawa S. Nishikawa S. Kunisada T. Neural and skin cell-specific expression pattern conferred by Steel factor regulatory sequence in transgenic mice.Dev Dyn. 1996; 207: 222-232Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). Consequently, the number of melanocytes (and melanoblasts) present in the epidermis declines rapidly in the first few days after birth, so that essentially no melanocytes are present in the interfollicular epidermis of the adult mouse (Hirobe, 1984Hirobe T. Histochemical survey of the distribution of the epidermal melanoblasts and melanocytes in the mouse during fetal and postnatal periods.Anat Rec. 1984; 208: 589-594Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar). The color of the adult mouse therefore is a product of melanocytes that are active in the hair follicles rather than the epidermis, which lacks melanocytes and is unpigmented. This situation differs markedly from human skin, in which epidermal keratinocytes express SCF and melanocytes are maintained postnatally. We have recently demonstrated the dominance of the membrane-associated form of SCF using transgenic mice that express SCF in the basal layer of the epidermis (Kunisada et al., 1998aKunisada T. Lu S.-Z. Yoshida H. et al.Murine cutaneous mastocytosis and epidermal melanocytosis induced by keratinocyte expression of transgenic stem cell factor.J Exp Med. 1998; 187: 1565-1573Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar). These studies show that the membrane-bound form of SCF is required for melanocyte survival in the epidermis, and that its expression in murine epidermis results in the population of the epidermis by melanocytes. Thus, epidermal membrane-bound SCF is both sufficient and necessary for normal melanocyte function in the epidermis. Soluble SCF, it appears, is associated with hyperfunction of melanocytes. Also of relevance to the work ofGrichnik et al., 1996Grichnik J.M. Ali W.N. Burch J.A. Byers J.D. Garcia C.A. Clark R.E. Shea C.R. KIT expression reveals a population of precursor melanocytes in human skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1996; 106: 967-971Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar,Grichnik et al., 1998Grichnik J.M. Burch J.A. Burchette J. Shea C.R. The SCF/KIT pathway plays a critical role in the control of normal human melanocyte homeostasis.J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 111: 233-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar are studies using similar strains of the transgenic mice (Kunisada et al., 1998bKunisada T. Yoshida H. Yamazaki H. et al.Transgene expression of steel factor in the basal layer of epidermis promotes survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of melanocyte precursors.Development. 1998; 125: 2915-2923PubMed Google Scholar), which point to the presence of a cutaneous melanocyte ‘stem cell’ that, in mice, is not dependent on activation of KIT. Whether these cells do not express the KIT receptor or are merely not dependent on KIT activation for survival remains to be determined experimentally; however, it would be interesting to know whether the KIT-positive, TRP-1-negative cells described byGrichnik et al., 1996Grichnik J.M. Ali W.N. Burch J.A. Byers J.D. Garcia C.A. Clark R.E. Shea C.R. KIT expression reveals a population of precursor melanocytes in human skin.J Invest Dermatol. 1996; 106: 967-971Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar are dependent on KIT for their survival. One might expect to find melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles of normal mice, because there is no indication that melanocyte stem cells are present in the interfollicular epidermis of nontransgenic mice." @default.
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• W1998332007 title "SCF-KIT Pathway in Human Epidermal Melanocyte Homeostasis" @default.
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