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• W1998697890 endingPage "515" @default.
• W1998697890 startingPage "496" @default.
• W1998697890 abstract "Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common, and result in immense social and economic costs. In some countries they have a major demographic impact. Because many STDs facilitate the transmission of HIV, the consequences of STDs are further increasing. At the same time, this association between STDs and HIV provides one of the ways in which drug therapy should be very cost effective. The perspective taken in this article is a societal one, and broader issues than those directly related to drug costs and benefits are discussed. However, it is the availability of drugs that has the potential to most quickly and most reliably make a major difference to overall health sector and societal costs as they relate to STDs. For those STDs for which curative therapy is available (particularly Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, and Trichomonas vaginalis) there have been large decreases in prevalence in many parts of the world. In contrast, those STDs for which curative therapy is not available (particularly HIV, genital herpes and genital human papillomavirus infection) have had stable or increasing prevalence. For these latter infections, each new case increases the overall prevalence. Numerous features of STDs make clinical and economic evaluation difficult. These include the sensitive nature of the topic, the changing epidemiology and drug susceptibility of individual STDs, the fact that a large proportion of those infected are asymptomatic, difficulties in making specific diagnoses, the fact that often consequences are recognised late, sexual re-exposure and reinfection, and inadequate data on which to do clinical and economic evaluations. Furthermore, risk of acquiring an STD roughly correlates inversely with socioeconomic status, and countries or places with the highest rates of STDs may have the least ability to deal effectively with their diagnosis and management. Most of the direct and indirect costs are incurred by women, since they experience the vast majority of the complications of STDs. Many of these only become apparent years later, which makes it very hard to attribute costs and benefits to a specific episode of infection, and to its treatment. The late and indirect costs, plus the costs of prevention, are hard to quantify. That the major burden of STDs is in adolescents and young adults, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and women has important implications, including for pharmacoeconomic studies. Assessment of the economic impact on job loss and related psychological distress and disruption of interpersonal relationships is difficult. In decreasing the risk of complications, the impact of drug therapy is greater on reducing the risk that an uninfected person will come into contact with an STD than in treating someone who is already infected. Though treatment of infected individuals is strongly warranted, some of the most important consequences may already have occurred. Most regimens used for treatment of STDs must have high short term efficacy to even be considered. The 2 major considerations are thus cost- and compliance-related issues, which could significantly reduce clinical effectiveness. Although of very great importance to the individual programme or patient with limited resources or compartmentalised budget allocations, drug cost is of relatively small importance overall. Treatments for STDs are relatively inexpensive and are often less than the cost of the test used to make the diagnosis. They are used in the short term, frequently as a single dose. They typically have high efficacy and are generally ‘safe’. Difficulty with following the regimen, bothersome adverse reactions and sexual re-exposure are much more likely to account for failure than poor efficacy. Adverse reactions play a very important role in treatment of STDs, not because of their severity, but because they may compromise completion of therapy. No studies were found that address the cost effectiveness of drug treatment in detail, despite the importance of anti-infectives. Even ignoring the societal aspects of STDs, data are urgently needed in key areas that relate to compliance and effectiveness, advantages and appropriateness of liberal treatment of core group populations and management by syndrome, means to ensure treatment of sexual partners, and the impact of treatments for one STD on risk of transmission of others, particularly HIV. For assessments of specific drugs, if 2 drugs had equal efficacy, it should theoretically be easy to document the overall cost effectiveness of the more expensive drug if it resulted in better clinical effectiveness because of ease of taking or fewer adverse reactions." @default.
• W1998697890 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1998697890 creator A5010750838 @default.
• W1998697890 date "1995-04-01" @default.
• W1998697890 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
• W1998697890 title "Drug Therapies for Sexually Transmitted Diseases" @default.
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