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- W1998764488 abstract "Analytical epidemiology largely concentrates on theassociations between putative risk factors and disease. If anassociation is found, how can we decide whether the risk iscausally related to outcome?In hospital-based studies of children, severe undernutritionis related to serious infections, including severerather than localised tuberculosis.1 The odds ratios (ORs)are high. Is this relation causal or is there an alternativeexplanation? The more malnourished are likely to comefrom poorer families, and financial hardship could lead toundernutrition and late admission, resulting in more severeinfection. Variation in socioeconomic conditions couldtherefore account for some of the association.In a case-control study of risk factors for breast cancer,2unadjusted univariate analysis suggested that the ORsdecreased with parity and rose with age at first full-termpregnancy (FTP) and slightly with age at last FTP. Afteradjustment for parity, the relation with first FTP becameweaker, and that with last FTP stronger. After adjustmentof the three factors for each other, the effect of age at firstFTP was no longer significant.The true effect of the exposure variables is being maskedor altered by one or more factors in the study populationthat influence development of the disease and are associatedwith exposure status. This phenomenon is referred to asconfounding and the variables as confounders." @default.
- W1998764488 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1998764488 date "1993-08-01" @default.
- W1998764488 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W1998764488 title "You cannot exclude the explanation you have not considered" @default.
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- W1998764488 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91478-5" @default.
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