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• W1998971569 abstract "The management of aortic arch aneurysms remains a clinical challenge. Although open operative techniques have been refined with improving results over the last 2 decades, neurologic and cardiovascular complications remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality. This is related to the requirement for hypothermic circulatory arrest with adjunct cerebral perfusion strategies during open aortic arch surgery. In patients thought to be at prohibitively high risk for conventional repair, an alternative therapy is much desired. The recent introduction of thoracic aortic endovascular stent grafting (TEVAR) has provided an alternative surgical option in patients felt to be at prohibitively high risk for conventional open aortic arch repair. Combining conventional surgical techniques with endovascular technology, this so-called “hybrid” aortic arch repair seeks to minimize the “operation” by either eliminating or significantly simplifying and shortening the arch reconstruction, thus limiting the duration of circulatory arrest and cerebral ischemia. The arch hybrid repair is a landing zone “0” endovascular repair of the aortic arch and is guided by the 2 following fundamental concepts: (1) brachiocephalic bypass, or revascularization of the great vessels; (2) construction of optimal proximal and distal landing zones for TEVAR. Therefore, arch hybrid repair comprises open surgical techniques for great vessel revascularization and landing zone reconstruction along with endovascular stent grafting performed concomitantly or at a later time. The arch hybrid repair is especially appealing in older patients and in those with significant comorbidities who may not tolerate prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. This report focuses on aortic arch hybrid operative techniques. In addition to the standard workup of the cardiac surgical patient, all patients being considered for arch hybrid repair should undergo computed tomography angiogram of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis for ideal operative management. In addition to understanding the anatomy of the landing zones, it is important to assess the ileofemoral access vessels. There should be at least 2 cm of landing zone available both proximally and distally to achieve a seal at the landing zones. Of note, overextensive distal landing is not advised as it increases the risk for spinal cord ischemia. In patients with previous abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, or those with long distal thoracic landing zones, spinal cord ischemia protective strategies are highly recommended. Techniques include intraoperative neuromonitoring and cerebrospinal fluid management using lumbar drain. It is critical to have complete knowledge of the circulatory management and the type of hybrid arch repair to be performed in the preoperative phase, so the intraoperative patient management is optimized and coordinated with the anesthesia and the perfusion teams. It is highly recommended that hybrid arch repairs be performed in hybrid operating rooms with sophisticated fixed imaging. Conventional open repair remains the gold standard to which hybrid repair must be measured. Long-term results from hybrid repair remain limited and durability of the endograft technology needs to be validated. Younger patients with lower operative morbidity and mortality risks should be considered for conventional open repair. In contrast, elderly patients with significant comorbidities should be considered for the hybrid approach. Patient selection remains important in determining whether a patient should undergo conventional open repair versus the hybrid repair. Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4Figure 1Endovascular stent graft landing zones and hybrid arch repair classification scheme for arch aneurysms. The approach to hybrid arch repair is facilitated when the anatomy of the aortic arch aneurysm is analyzed with regard to 2 main concepts: (1) distal and proximal stent graft landing zone evaluation, and (2) optimization of circulatory management for great vessel revascularization scheme. Both these anatomical concepts are closely related and therefore must be approached in conjunction.Show full caption(A) Proximal landing zone classification for TEVAR. Typically, thoracic endovascular stent grafts are proximally landed in zones (Z) 2 or 3. Z3 landing is distal to the left subclavian artery (LSCA), but in aneurysms approaching the LSCA, it can be difficult for stent graft landing to achieve a satisfactory seal with no evidence of endoleak. In these patients, Z2 landing zone is required and this occurs between the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and LSCA, thus obligating occlusion of the LSCA. Therefore, typically LCCA-to-LSCA bypass is performed at our institution a few days before the TEVAR procedure. Of note, abandoning the bypass carries a risk for postoperative left upper extremity ischemia and posterior circulatory stroke (ie, dominant vertebral artery). In patients with left internal mammary to coronary artery bypass graft, the LCCA-to-LSCA bypass is a requirement to preserve mammary artery flow. In TEVAR, Z0 and Z1 landing is prohibitive, as it would necessitate occlusion of the head vessels. The hybrid arch concept is an extension of the TEVAR proximal landing zone scheme. Hybrid arch procedures are typically performed with the proximal landing zone in Z0. Therefore, the arch hybrid concept necessitates a brachiocephalic revascularization procedure to preserve flow through the great vessels.(B) The hybrid arch repair classification is based on aortic arch aneurysm anatomy and proximal and distal landing zone feasibility. The scheme divides aortic arch aneurysms into 3 types. Type I arch hybrid is performed typically with a classic arch aneurysm, where the ascending and descending thoracic aorta are not aneurysmal or dissected–isolated arch aneurysm. This anatomy has favorable proximal Z0 and distal Z3/Z4 landing zones, respectively. A type I arch hybrid repair only requires great vessel revascularization with either concomitant antegrade TEVAR stenting or delayed retrograde TEVAR from the iliofemoral vasculature. A type II arch hybrid is an ideal approach in an arch aneurysm without a good Z0 proximal landing zone, but has a good distal landing zone in the descending thoracic aorta. Therefore, a type II repair necessitates an open surgical Z0 landing zone reconstruction for proper deployment and seal of the proximal stent graft. Type III arch hybrid repair can be used for even more complex aortopathies, such as the mega-aorta syndrome. In this case, the native aorta does not have a good proximal or distal landing zone for stent graft deployment. Therefore, a type III repair necessitates an open surgical reconstruction of proximal aorta and arch as a total arch replacement with elephant trunk for stent graft landing in the descending thoracic aorta. It is important to note that in the progression from a type I to type III arch hybrid repair, the circulatory management options become increasingly complex, and therefore, must be tailored to patient status and anatomy.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 2Type I arch hybrid repair—isolated arch aneurysm (classic debranching procedure). In the setting of an isolated aortic arch aneurysm, from an endovascular standpoint, proximal Z0 and distal Z3/4 landing zones are already suitable for stent graft deployment. The required open surgical technique is revascularization of the great vessels.Show full caption(A) The operation is performed as a single-stage procedure. A standard median sternotomy is made and the aorta is exposed in a standard fashion. If the patient has good hemodynamic stability and will tolerate a partial aortic clamp, the great vessel debranching can be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. If there is sufficient ascending aorta without calcific disease, a side-biting clamp is placed on it and a 4-branched graft is sewn in right above the sinotubular junction. This is to maximize and optimize the proximal Z0 landing zone area. On completion of the anastomosis, the side-biting clamp is removed with individual isolation of each limb of the branch graft. The great vessels are dissected free, and each vessel is then anastomosed individually on proximal ligation. Typically, the LSCA anastomosis is performed first, followed by the LCCA, and then the innominate artery anastomosis is completed last, thus ensuring systemic and cerebral perfusion at all times.(B) If the ascending aorta is inadequate or calcified, or there is concern about the hemodynamic stability of the patient, the type I repair can be performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with a short aortic cross-clamp time. In this situation, the distal ascending aorta and the right atrium are cannulated. The cross-clamp is placed high on the ascending aorta; the heart is arrested, and the 4-limb branch graft is anastomosed to the proximal ascending aorta just superior to the sinotubular junction. The cross-clamp is then removed. The 3 limbs of the branched graft are anastomosed individually to the great vessels; the patient is weaned off bypass, and the aortic cannula is removed.(C) The TEVAR stent graft is then deployed in an antegrade fashion via the 4th limb of the branched graft. The proximal extent of the stent graft is typically just up to the superior portion of the 4-limb branched graft anastomosis. Of note, overextension of the distal landing zone coverage is not necessary, and one should be wary of the risk of spinal cord ischemia with increasing coverage of the descending thoracic aorta. Typically, lumbar drain placement is not required for this procedure, as the aneurysm is strictly an isolated arch aneurysm. At least 2 cm of “good” aorta is required for proper seal proximally and distally, although ideally, the debranching is performed such that there is 3 to 4 cm of proximal landing zone, and at least 2 cm of distal landing zone.(D) During preoperative evaluation of the patient, if there is concern that exposure of the LSCA will be difficult via a median sternotomy incision because of lateral displacement from the arch aneurysm, a preemptive elective carotid to subclavian bypass (LCCA to LSCA) is a good option. This procedure is performed a few days before the type I arch hybrid repair. In this case, the proximal LSCA is covered with the deployed stent graft in the aortic arch. Subsequent coiling of the proximal LSCA via the LCCA-to-LSCA bypass may be necessary to prevent a type II endoleak. Alternatively, the LSCA can just be sacrificed without a carotid subclavian bypass, and the stent graft may provide adequate seal without a type II endoleak. In this situation, the patient should be followed carefully for left arm ischemia, and a carotid-to-subclavian bypass can be then performed as needed.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 2Type I arch hybrid repair—isolated arch aneurysm (classic debranching procedure). In the setting of an isolated aortic arch aneurysm, from an endovascular standpoint, proximal Z0 and distal Z3/4 landing zones are already suitable for stent graft deployment. The required open surgical technique is revascularization of the great vessels.Show full caption(A) The operation is performed as a single-stage procedure. A standard median sternotomy is made and the aorta is exposed in a standard fashion. If the patient has good hemodynamic stability and will tolerate a partial aortic clamp, the great vessel debranching can be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass. If there is sufficient ascending aorta without calcific disease, a side-biting clamp is placed on it and a 4-branched graft is sewn in right above the sinotubular junction. This is to maximize and optimize the proximal Z0 landing zone area. On completion of the anastomosis, the side-biting clamp is removed with individual isolation of each limb of the branch graft. The great vessels are dissected free, and each vessel is then anastomosed individually on proximal ligation. Typically, the LSCA anastomosis is performed first, followed by the LCCA, and then the innominate artery anastomosis is completed last, thus ensuring systemic and cerebral perfusion at all times.(B) If the ascending aorta is inadequate or calcified, or there is concern about the hemodynamic stability of the patient, the type I repair can be performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with a short aortic cross-clamp time. In this situation, the distal ascending aorta and the right atrium are cannulated. The cross-clamp is placed high on the ascending aorta; the heart is arrested, and the 4-limb branch graft is anastomosed to the proximal ascending aorta just superior to the sinotubular junction. The cross-clamp is then removed. The 3 limbs of the branched graft are anastomosed individually to the great vessels; the patient is weaned off bypass, and the aortic cannula is removed.(C) The TEVAR stent graft is then deployed in an antegrade fashion via the 4th limb of the branched graft. The proximal extent of the stent graft is typically just up to the superior portion of the 4-limb branched graft anastomosis. Of note, overextension of the distal landing zone coverage is not necessary, and one should be wary of the risk of spinal cord ischemia with increasing coverage of the descending thoracic aorta. Typically, lumbar drain placement is not required for this procedure, as the aneurysm is strictly an isolated arch aneurysm. At least 2 cm of “good” aorta is required for proper seal proximally and distally, although ideally, the debranching is performed such that there is 3 to 4 cm of proximal landing zone, and at least 2 cm of distal landing zone.(D) During preoperative evaluation of the patient, if there is concern that exposure of the LSCA will be difficult via a median sternotomy incision because of lateral displacement from the arch aneurysm, a preemptive elective carotid to subclavian bypass (LCCA to LSCA) is a good option. This procedure is performed a few days before the type I arch hybrid repair. In this case, the proximal LSCA is covered with the deployed stent graft in the aortic arch. Subsequent coiling of the proximal LSCA via the LCCA-to-LSCA bypass may be necessary to prevent a type II endoleak. Alternatively, the LSCA can just be sacrificed without a carotid subclavian bypass, and the stent graft may provide adequate seal without a type II endoleak. In this situation, the patient should be followed carefully for left arm ischemia, and a carotid-to-subclavian bypass can be then performed as needed.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 3Type II hybrid arch repair. Type II hybrid arch repair is designed for aortic arch aneurysm that extends proximally into the ascending aorta, and thus an inadequate proximal LZ, or zone 0. Therefore, the open surgical component of the type II repair entails great vessel revascularization with ascending aorta reconstruction. Based on proximal ascending aorta and root anatomy, this may mandate a root replacement ± aortic valve replacement or repair. At our institution, if the ascending aorta is >37 mm, we approach the arch aneurysm as a type II arch hybrid repair. The rationale here is the avoidance of the placement of a large diameter stent graft device in the proximal ascending aorta, which has been shown to be associated with the risk of the development of retrograde type A aortic dissection. Proximal aortic reconstruction will require hypothermic circulatory arrest, with adjunct cerebral perfusion strategies. Options include deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Both techniques are viable options.Show full caption(A) Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) approach: The heart is exposed in the pericardial well. The right atrial appendage is cannulated along with a right-angled cannula into the superior vena cava (SVC). A snare is passed around the SVC for later control during RCP. The ascending aorta is cannulated distally and the patient is cooled for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. During the cooling period, the proximal ascending aortic reconstruction is performed and the great vessels are dissected free. The aorta is cross-clamped distally; the heart is arrested, and the proximal aortic anastomosis is performed just above the sinotubular junction using a 4-limb branched graft with a main body graft for ascending aortic replacement. When fashioning the main body graft for ascending aortic replacement, it is important that the branched graft portion sits right above the sinotubular junction anteriorly. This optimizes the proximal landing zone. If required, any proximal aortic root work necessary can also be performed during this period. Once the patient is cooled to electroencephalogram silence, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is initiated; the SVC is snared down, and RCP is initiated via the SVC cannula that is connected to the cardioplegia line. Typically the cerebral perfusion is performed with central venous pressure maintained <30 mm Hg. The distal anastomosis is now performed as a transverse hemiarch anastomosis. It is not critical that this be an aggressive hemiarch, as it will be covered by the endograft.(B) On completion of the distal aortic anastomosis, the 4th limb of the branched graft can be used for aortic cannulation and the patient is resumed on cardiopulmonary bypass. RCP is stopped; the SVC snare is removed, and the SVC cannula is used for venous drainage again. Rewarming is begun, and each great vessel is anastomosed individually, with proximal ligation of the vessel. The LSCA is performed first, followed by the LCCA, and then the innominate artery anastomosis. On completion of the great vessel debranching, the patient is weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass once the rewarming is completed.(C) The 4th limb of the branched graft that was used for arterial cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is now used for placement of a TEVAR sheath for antegrade deployment. Therefore, this 4th limb should be a 10-mm graft, and it would facilitate placement of the sheath and the stent graft with greater ease. Similar to the type I repair concept, the proximal landing zone of the endoprosthesis is optimized so the proximal seal occurs just above the branched graft site.(D) A pigtail catheter can be guided up into the ascending aorta graft via the 4th limb and an arch angiogram is obtained to ensure there is proper seal proximally and distally. If not, the stent graft can be ballooned again. If the distal landing zone has a type IB endoleak, this may require an additional stent graft to be deployed in an antegrade fashion. Once completed, the 4th limb of the branched graft is ligated.(E and F) Antegrade cerebral perfusion approach. The right axillary artery is exposed first, and then a median sternotomy is performed and the heart and great vessels are exposed. Next, the patient is given 5000 U heparin (70 U/kg) and an 8- or 10-mm straight graft is anastomosed to the axillary artery. The patient is then fully heparinized and the arterial cannulation is completed via the axillary artery graft. The arterial line is prepared with a Y-connector with 2 tubing lines—one to the axillary artery and the other for later cannulation into the branched aortic graft. The right atrium is cannulated for venous drainage. The patient is cooled to 26-28 C, based on surgeon preference, during which time the proximal aortic work is performed. The aorta is cross-clamped; the heart is arrested, and the aorta is transected just above the sinotubular junction. The 4-limb branched graft is used and the proximal aortic anastomosis is completed. The great vessels are dissected free with snares around them for proximal control. On cooling to the desired temperature, the patient is placed on antegrade cerebral perfusion via the axillary artery, with the snare tightened on the innominate artery. Circulatory arrest is initiated and the distal aortic anastomosis is completed as a transverse hemiarch. After completion of the distal transverse hemiarch anastomosis, cardiopulmonary bypass can be reinitiated by increasing the arterial flow in the axillary cannula on loosening the innominate artery snare. The LSCA and LCCA revascularization is performed while on bypass via the axillary artery. Next, to complete the innominate artery anastomosis, the 2nd tubing line of the arterial system is used for cannulation via the 4th limb of the debranching graft to restore systemic perfusion; proximal innominate artery is clamped for the anastomosis, and cerebral flow is maintained via the axillary artery cannula. On completion of the revascularization, if the patient is warm, cardiopulmonary bypass may be terminated and the 4th limb of the graft is used for antegrade stent graft deployment. Alternatively, if the rewarming is not complete, or the heart requires longer perfusion time to improve function, the patient may be switched to the axillary artery cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, and while on bypass, the endoprosthesis can be deployed via the 4th limb in an antegrade manner.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 3Type II hybrid arch repair. Type II hybrid arch repair is designed for aortic arch aneurysm that extends proximally into the ascending aorta, and thus an inadequate proximal LZ, or zone 0. Therefore, the open surgical component of the type II repair entails great vessel revascularization with ascending aorta reconstruction. Based on proximal ascending aorta and root anatomy, this may mandate a root replacement ± aortic valve replacement or repair. At our institution, if the ascending aorta is >37 mm, we approach the arch aneurysm as a type II arch hybrid repair. The rationale here is the avoidance of the placement of a large diameter stent graft device in the proximal ascending aorta, which has been shown to be associated with the risk of the development of retrograde type A aortic dissection. Proximal aortic reconstruction will require hypothermic circulatory arrest, with adjunct cerebral perfusion strategies. Options include deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Both techniques are viable options.Show full caption(A) Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) approach: The heart is exposed in the pericardial well. The right atrial appendage is cannulated along with a right-angled cannula into the superior vena cava (SVC). A snare is passed around the SVC for later control during RCP. The ascending aorta is cannulated distally and the patient is cooled for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. During the cooling period, the proximal ascending aortic reconstruction is performed and the great vessels are dissected free. The aorta is cross-clamped distally; the heart is arrested, and the proximal aortic anastomosis is performed just above the sinotubular junction using a 4-limb branched graft with a main body graft for ascending aortic replacement. When fashioning the main body graft for ascending aortic replacement, it is important that the branched graft portion sits right above the sinotubular junction anteriorly. This optimizes the proximal landing zone. If required, any proximal aortic root work necessary can also be performed during this period. Once the patient is cooled to electroencephalogram silence, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is initiated; the SVC is snared down, and RCP is initiated via the SVC cannula that is connected to the cardioplegia line. Typically the cerebral perfusion is performed with central venous pressure maintained <30 mm Hg. The distal anastomosis is now performed as a transverse hemiarch anastomosis. It is not critical that this be an aggressive hemiarch, as it will be covered by the endograft.(B) On completion of the distal aortic anastomosis, the 4th limb of the branched graft can be used for aortic cannulation and the patient is resumed on cardiopulmonary bypass. RCP is stopped; the SVC snare is removed, and the SVC cannula is used for venous drainage again. Rewarming is begun, and each great vessel is anastomosed individually, with proximal ligation of the vessel. The LSCA is performed first, followed by the LCCA, and then the innominate artery anastomosis. On completion of the great vessel debranching, the patient is weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass once the rewarming is completed.(C) The 4th limb of the branched graft that was used for arterial cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass is now used for placement of a TEVAR sheath for antegrade deployment. Therefore, this 4th limb should be a 10-mm graft, and it would facilitate placement of the sheath and the stent graft with greater ease. Similar to the type I repair concept, the proximal landing zone of the endoprosthesis is optimized so the proximal seal occurs just above the branched graft site.(D) A pigtail catheter can be guided up into the ascending aorta graft via the 4th limb and an arch angiogram is obtained to ensure there is proper seal proximally and distally. If not, the stent graft can be ballooned again. If the distal landing zone has a type IB endoleak, this may require an additional stent graft to be deployed in an antegrade fashion. Once completed, the 4th limb of the branched graft is ligated.(E and F) Antegrade cerebral perfusion approach. The right axillary artery is exposed first, and then a median sternotomy is performed and the heart and great vessels are exposed. Next, the patient is given 5000 U heparin (70 U/kg) and an 8- or 10-mm straight graft is anastomosed to the axillary artery. The patient is then fully heparinized and the arterial cannulation is completed via the axillary artery graft. The arterial line is prepared with a Y-connector with 2 tubing lines—one to the axillary artery and the other for later cannulation into the branched aortic graft. The right atrium is cannulated for venous drainage. The patient is cooled to 26-28 C, based on surgeon preference, during which time the proximal aortic work is performed. The aorta is cross-clamped; the heart is arrested, and the aorta is transected just above the sinotubular junction. The 4-limb branched graft is used and the proximal aortic anastomosis is completed. The great vessels are dissected free with snares around them for proximal control. On cooling to the desired temperature, the patient is placed on antegrade cerebral perfusion via the axillary artery, with the snare tightened on the innominate artery. Circulatory arrest is initiated and the distal aortic anastomosis is completed as a transverse hemiarch. After completion of the distal transverse hemiarch anastomosis, cardiopulmonary bypass can be reinitiated by increasing the arterial flow in the axillary cannula on loosening the innominate artery snare. The LSCA and LCCA revascularization is performed while on bypass via the axillary artery. Next, to complete the innominate artery anastomosis, the 2nd tubing line of the arterial system is used for cannulation via the 4th limb of the debranching graft to restore systemic perfusion; proximal innominate artery is clamped for the anastomosis, and cerebral flow is maintained via the axillary artery cannula. On completion of the revascularization, if the patient is warm, cardiopulmonary bypass may be terminated and the 4th limb of the graft is used for antegrade stent graft deployment. Alternatively, if the rewarming is not complete, or the heart requires longer perfusion time to improve function, the patient may be switched to the axillary artery cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, and while on bypass, the endoprosthesis can be deployed via the 4th limb in an antegrade manner.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Figure 3Type II hybrid arch repair. Type II hybrid arch repair is designed for aortic arch aneurysm that extends proximally into the ascending aorta, and thus an inadequate proximal LZ, or zone 0. Therefore, the open surgical component of the type II repair entails great vessel revascularization with ascending aorta reconstruction. Based on proximal ascending aorta and root anatomy, this may mandate a root replacement ± aortic valve replacement or repair. At our institution, if the ascending aorta is >37 mm, we approach the arch aneurysm as a type II arch hybrid repair. The rationale here is the avoidance of the placement of a large diameter stent graft device in the proximal ascending aorta, which has been shown to be associated with the risk of the development of retrograde type A aortic dissection. Proximal aortic reconstruction will require hypothermic circulatory arrest, with adjunct cerebral perfusion strategies. Options include deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Both techniques are viable options.Show full ca" @default.
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• W1998971569 title "Hybrid Approaches to Complex Aortic Arch Aneurysms" @default.
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