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• W199929678 abstract "INTRODUCTION: INSIDE - OUTSIDE Whereas other aspects of transition towards democracy (and market economies) are studied quite extensively (and although there has been a gradual change in this regard in mid-1980s), international dimension of this is still an under-researched area; when it comes to comparative and quantitative research it is even largely left out. This situation is rather paradoxical in view of the salience of international factors in this process (Pridham/ Herring/Sanford 1994: 2) and observation that democracy does not happen in an international vacuum (Di Palma 1990: 183). This paradox is due to intrinsic complexity of international relations and wide range of external factors which make it difficult to assess influence and importance of external factors and to establish unequivocal causal relationships (Pridham 1994: 11). A glimpse at empirical reality shows variety and magnitude of external factors: (A) In both Federal Republic of Germany and Japan international politics was at beginning of democratization. Here, one can think of military defeat in World War II and determination of victorious and democratic countries, foremost United States of America, to create and substantially support democratic political systems and governments in these countries in face of emerging antagonism vis-a-vis Soviet Union. Alfred Stepan (1986: 71f.) coined term externally monitored installation to describe these events. (B) Taiwan and South Korea are countries in which democratization can--at least partly--be attributed to direct and indirect effects of an export-oriented strategy of development. This strategy involved a thorough integration into world market. As a result, number of political and economic elite's as well as urban population's external contacts with democracies markedly increased (university exchange programs, studies in foreign countries, business and trade relations, cultural exchange). These contacts provided basis for a growing realization that membership in club of western industrialized countries (the OECD) would be facilitated by liberalization and democratization of one's own political system (Diamond 1992: 121). (C) In case of democratic transitions and consolidations in Southern Europe, regional structure was conducive to and promoted democratization. The European Community required democratic political systems as a ticket to EC membership; Brussels not only provided economic incentives, but, at times, also resorted to political pressure to initiate democratic reforms. (The freezing of Greek application for membership after military takeover in 1967 is a case in point.) Once a member of EC, this membership furthered democratic consolidation in Greece, Portugal and Spain (Pridham 1991). (D) By contrast, at times, regional structure and, particularly, policies of United States, hegemonic power, were adverse to democratization in a number of Latin American countries. Under impact of east-west-conflict and global system confrontation with USSR, Washington often perceived democratic mass movements in Latin America as potential or likely intrusion targets for communist action. To prevent domino theory to become true, US conducted various secret service operations, e.g. in Guatemala 1954, in Brazil 1964, in Chile 1973 and in Nicaragua 1984 (Forsythe 1992). In turn, after end of east-west-conflict, there is greater political space for democratic mass movements (Karl 1990: 15f.). It is obvious from these cases that it is very difficult to translate international dimension into hard empirical data and variables; since he could not identify a reliable empirical indicator for that purpose, Tatu Vanhanen (1997: 161), for example, was persuaded to leave out an analysis of significance of external factors and power resources in his recent study on perspective of democracy in more than 170 states. …" @default.
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• W199929678 date "1998-06-01" @default.
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• W199929678 title "Democratization in Eastern Europe. the Interaction of Internal and External Factors: An Attempt at Systematization" @default.
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