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• W1999922223 abstract "Amphiphysin is an SH3 domain-containing neuronal protein that is highly concentrated in nerve terminals where it interacts via its SH3 domain with dynamin I, a GTPase implicated in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. We show here that the SH3 domain of amphiphysin, but not a mutant SH3 domain, bound with high affinity to a single site in the long proline-rich region of human dynamin I, that this site was distinct from the binding sites for other SH3 domains, and that the mutation of two adjacent amino acids in dynamin I was sufficient to abolish binding. The dynamin I sequence critically required for amphiphysin binding (PSRPNR) fits in the novel SH3 binding consensus identified for the SH3 domain of amphiphysin via a combinatorial peptide library approach: PXRPXR(H)R(H). Our data demonstrate that the long proline-rich stretch present in dynamin I contained multiple SH3 domain binding sites that recognize interacting proteins with high specificity. Amphiphysin is an SH3 domain-containing neuronal protein that is highly concentrated in nerve terminals where it interacts via its SH3 domain with dynamin I, a GTPase implicated in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. We show here that the SH3 domain of amphiphysin, but not a mutant SH3 domain, bound with high affinity to a single site in the long proline-rich region of human dynamin I, that this site was distinct from the binding sites for other SH3 domains, and that the mutation of two adjacent amino acids in dynamin I was sufficient to abolish binding. The dynamin I sequence critically required for amphiphysin binding (PSRPNR) fits in the novel SH3 binding consensus identified for the SH3 domain of amphiphysin via a combinatorial peptide library approach: PXRPXR(H)R(H). Our data demonstrate that the long proline-rich stretch present in dynamin I contained multiple SH3 domain binding sites that recognize interacting proteins with high specificity. Dynamin I is a neuronal GTPase concentrated in nerve terminals that plays an essential role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and recycling (for reviews, see Refs. 1De Camilli P. Takei K. McPherson P.S. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1995; 5: 559-565Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar and 2Liu J.P. Robinson P.J. Endocr. Rev. 1995; 16: 590-607PubMed Google Scholar). A temperature-sensitive mutation in the dynamin I gene of Drosophila leads to rapid and massive block of synaptic vesicle endocytosis resulting in a paralytic phenotype (3Koenig J.H. Ikeda K. J. Neurosci. 1989; 9: 3844-3860Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 4Chen M.S. Obar R.A. Schroeder C.C. Austin T.W. Poodry C.A. Wadsworth S.C. Vallee R.B. Nature. 1991; 351: 583-586Crossref PubMed Scopus (433) Google Scholar, 5van der Bliek A.M. Meyerowitz E.M. Nature. 1991; 351: 411-414Crossref PubMed Scopus (587) Google Scholar). Ultrastructural studies have shown that dynamin I forms rings at the neck of clathrin-coated pits, and it has been hypothesized that a conformational change of the ring that correlates with GTP hydrolysis represents a key step leading to vesicle fission from the plasmalemma (6Takei K. McPherson P.S. Schmid S.L. De Camilli P. Nature. 1995; 374: 186-190Crossref PubMed Scopus (647) Google Scholar, 7Hinshaw J.E. Schmid S.L. Nature. 1995; 374: 190-192Crossref PubMed Scopus (653) Google Scholar). In addition, dynamin I has also been implicated in rapid endocytosis, a form of Ca2+-triggered endocytosis detectable by capacitance measurement in neuroendocrine cells (8Artalejo C.R. Henley J.R. McNiven M.A. Palfrey C.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995; 92: 8328-8332Crossref PubMed Scopus (246) Google Scholar). Dynamin isoforms (dynamin II and dynamin III) are expressed in non-neuronal cells (9Nakata T. Takemura R. Hirokawa N. J. Cell Sci. 1993; 105: 1-5Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Cook T.A. Urrutia R. McNiven M.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 644-648Crossref PubMed Scopus (160) Google Scholar, 11Sontag J-M. Fykse E.M. Ushkaryov Y.A. Liu J-P. Robinson P.J. Sudhof T.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 4547-4554Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) where they are thought to play a general role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (12Damke H. Baba T. van der Bliek A.M. Schmid S.L. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 131: 69-80Crossref PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar, 13Herskovits J.S. Shpetner H.S. Burgess C.C. Vallee R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 11468-11472Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar). The COOH-terminal region of dynamin I contains a 100-amino acid-long proline-rich domain (14Obar R.A. Coilin C.A. Hammarback J.A. Shpetner H.S. Vallee R.B. Nature. 1990; 347: 256-261Crossref PubMed Scopus (284) Google Scholar), which undergoes regulation by protein phosphorylation and binds a variety of SH3 domains (13Herskovits J.S. Shpetner H.S. Burgess C.C. Vallee R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 11468-11472Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar, 15Gout I. Dhand R. Hiles I.D. Fry M.J. Panayotou G. Das P. Troung O. Totty N.F. Hsuan J. Booker G.W. Cell. 1993; 75: 25-36Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (482) Google Scholar, 16Seedorf K. Kostka G. Lammers R. Bashkin P. Daly R. Burgess W.H. van der Bliek A.M. Schlessinger J. Ullrich A. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16009-16014Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 17McPherson P.S. Czernik A.J. Chilcote T.J. Onofri F. Benfenati F. Greengard P. Schlessinger J. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 6486-6490Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar, 18Miki H. Miura K. Matuoka K. Nakata T. Hirokawa N. Orita S. Kaibuchi K. Takai Y. Tekenawa T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 5489-5492Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). An abundant SH3 domain-containing protein, which is a major binding partner for dynamin I in nerve terminals (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar), is amphiphysin, the dominant autoantigen in paraneoplastic stiff-man syndrome (20David C. Solimena M. De Camilli P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 351: 73-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 21Folli F. Solimena M. Cofiell R. Austoni M. Tallini G. Fassetta G. Bates D. Cartlidge N. Bottazzo G.F. Piccolo G. De Camilli P. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 328: 546-551Crossref PubMed Scopus (266) Google Scholar, 22De Camilli P. Thomas A. Cofiell R. Folli F. Lichte B. Piccolo G. Meinck H-M. Austoni M. Fassetta G. Bottazzo G.F. Bates D. Cartlidge N. Solimena M. Kilimann M.W. J. Exp. Med. 1993; 178: 2219-2223Crossref PubMed Scopus (270) Google Scholar). Amphiphysin is closely colocalized with dynamin I at synapses where, in addition to dynamin I, it binds the presynaptic inositol-5-phosphatase synaptojanin (23McPherson P.S. Garcia E.P. Slepnev V.I. David C. Zhang X.M. Grabs D. Sossin W.S. Bauerfeind R. Nemoto Y. De Camilli P. Nature. 1996; 379: 353-357Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar). Amphiphysin binds the plasmalemmal clathrin adaptor AP2 via a region distinct from its SH3 domain (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 24Wang L-H. Sudhof T.C. Anderson R.G.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 10079-10083Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar), further supporting an involvement of amphiphysin in endocytosis. In addition, amphiphysin contains regions of similarity to two yeast proteins, Rvs167 and Rvs161 (20David C. Solimena M. De Camilli P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 351: 73-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 25Crouzet M. Urdaci M. Dulau L. Aigle M. Yeast. 1991; 7: 727-743Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar, 26Sivadon P. Bauer F. Aigle M. Crouzet M. Mol. & Gen. Genet. 1995; 246: 485-495Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar), which genetic studies have shown to be implicated both in endocytosis and in the function of the actin cytoskeleton (26Sivadon P. Bauer F. Aigle M. Crouzet M. Mol. & Gen. Genet. 1995; 246: 485-495Crossref PubMed Scopus (113) Google Scholar, 27Munn A.L. Stevenson B.J. Geli M.I. Riezman H. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1995; 6: 1721-1742Crossref PubMed Scopus (279) Google Scholar). As a premise to further elucidate the functional interconnections between amphiphysin and dynamin I, we investigated regions that are crucial for reciprocal interactions in the two proteins. We report that the SH3 domain of amphiphysin bound with high affinity to a short amino acid stretch in dynamin I. The amino acid sequence of the binding site fits the novel consensus for the SH3 domain of amphiphysin, which we have identified by a combinatorial peptide library. Affinity-purified rabbit antibodies directed against amphiphysin (CD5) were generated in our laboratory (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar). Anti-dynamin and anti-Grb2 monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Transduction Laboratories. Anti-cortactin (4F11) and anti-PLC 1The abbreviations used are: PLC, phospholipase C; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PRD, proline-rich domain. -γ (F-7-2) monoclonal antibodies were the kind gifts of Dr. T. Parson (University of Virginia) and Dr. S. G. Rhee (National Institutes of Health), respectively. Full-length polyhistidine-tagged human amphiphysin and a GST-fusion protein containing its wild type SH3 domain (construct V (amino acids 545–695) of Ref. 20David C. Solimena M. De Camilli P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 351: 73-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar) were generated as described previously (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 20David C. Solimena M. De Camilli P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 351: 73-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar). A mutant amphiphysin SH3 domain was constructed as follows. A primer matching the 5′ end (see Ref. 20David C. Solimena M. De Camilli P. FEBS Lett. 1994; 351: 73-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar) of the wild type SH3 domain fragment and a primer partially matching its 3′ end (5′-ACG ATG AAT TCA ATC TAA GCG TCG GGT GAA GTT CTC TAG AAA GAG GCG TTT GTA GGT GGC-3′), which included two base changes resulting in the substitution of two amino acids at position 684 (glycine to arginine) and 687 (proline to leucine), were used in polymerase chain reactions using the wild type SH3 domain as the template. The resulting DNA fragment was cloned into pGEX2T and expressed using the Escherichia colistrain BL21 as a GST-fusion protein. A polyhistidine human dynamin deletion construct missing the entire proline-rich domain (amino acid 1750) was expressed in the pET23c vector (Novagen). GST and GST-fusion proteins containing either the full-length proline-rich domain (PRD) or the COOH-terminal truncated forms of this domain (see Fig. 2 A) were expressed in pGEX2T. The construct harboring point mutations at positions 835 (arginine to aspartic acid) and 836 (proline to alanine) (Fig. 3, construct 5) was obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification using mutant primers. All dynamin constructs were partial sequences of the human dynamin isoform Iaa (11Sontag J-M. Fykse E.M. Ushkaryov Y.A. Liu J-P. Robinson P.J. Sudhof T.C. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 4547-4554Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Whereas the NH2-terminal primer for most constructs was the same (5′-GGC GGA TCC AGC ACG CCC ATG CCC CCG- 3′), the COOH-terminal primer used to construct the dynamin-PRD GST-fusion proteins (see Figs. 2 A and3 A) was as follows: full-length PRD, 5′-C GGG AAT TCC GTC GAA GGG GGG CCT GGG-3′; 751–848 (Fig. 2 A, construct 4), 5′- C GGG AAT TCC ACC CGA TCG GCT GGG GAC C -3′; 751–832 (Figs. 2 A and 3 A, construct 5), 5′-C GGG AAT TCC CAC CTG AGG GGG AGG GCC-3′; 751–815 (Fig. 2 A,construct 6), 5′-C GGG AAT TCC CAC GGG GGG CGC CCC CCC-3′; 751–798 (Fig. 2 A, construct 7), 5′-C GGG AAT TCC AGG GCC CCG CGA CCC GGG-3′; 751–783 (Fig. 2 A,construct 8), 5′-C GGG AAT TCC GCG CTG CGG CGT GGG GC-3′; 751–838 (Fig. 3 A, construct 2), 5′-GC GCC GGG AAT TCC GCG GTT GGG GCG CGA GGG CAC C-3′; 751–838mut (Fig.3 A, construct 3), 5′-GC GCC GGG AAT TCC GCG GTT GGC GTC CGA GGG CAC C-3′; 751–827 (Fig. 3 A, construct 6), 5′-CGG GAA TTC CGC CGA AAG GGT CAG GGG-3′. For construct 4 of Fig. 3 A, which starts at the PSRPNR sequence, the following primers were used: NH2-terminal primer, 5′-GGC GGA TCC CAG GTG CCC TCG CGC CCC-3′; COOH-terminal primer, 5′-C GGG AAT TCC GTC GAA GGG GGG CCT GGG-3′.Figure 3Identification of the sequence PSRPNR as the amphiphysin binding site in dynamin I. A, schematic drawing of the human dynamin Iaa constructs (expressed as GST-fusion proteins) used for the experiments of panels B, C, andD. B, rat brain total homogenate (TH) and material affinity-purified on the GST dynamin constructs comprising the full-length proline-rich domain (PRD) andconstructs 1–6 shown in panel A were probed by Western blotting with antibodies directed against amphiphysin, phospholipase C-γI, and Grb2. C, amphiphysin overlays of SDS-PAGE gels containing the GST-dynamin constructs 1–3 and5 shown in panel A. Both in the affinity chromatography and in the overlay experiments, only the constructs including the PSRPNR sequence bind amphiphysin.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Soluble brain extracts were prepared as described (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar). Recombinant proteins to be used as adsorbents were immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (Pharmacia Biotech Inc.) or on nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-agarose (Qiagen). 50 μl of saturated beads were incubated with 1 ml of soluble protein extract (10 mg/ml total protein) for 4 h at 4 °C. Beads were washed extensively with incubation buffer and eluted with 10 mm glutathione in 50 mmTris-HCl, pH 8.0 (GST proteins), or 250 mm imidazole (His-dynamin). Proteins were then separated on SDS-PAGE gels and reacted by Western blotting with various antibodies using the 4-chloro-1-naphthol reaction method. GST-dynamin fusion proteins were separated on an SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and incubated with His-amphiphysin (20 μg/ml) in 10 mm HEPES, 150 mm NaCl, 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and 1% Triton X-100 for 2 h at room temperature. The nitrocellulose was then processed for bound amphiphysin immunoreactivity as described for Western blotting. An oriented peptide library (MAXXXXPXXPXXXAKKK, where Xindicates all amino acids except Cys and Trp) synthesized as described (28Songyang Z. Shoelson S.E. Chaudhuri M. Gish G. Pawson T. Haser W.G. King F. Roberts T. Ratnofsky S. Lechleider R.J. Neel B.G. Birge R.B. Fajardo J.E. Chou M.M. Hanafusa H. Schaffhausen B. Cantley L. Cell. 1993; 72: 767-778Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2370) Google Scholar) was used to investigate the specificity of the amphiphysin SH3 domain. GST-amphiphysin SH3 domain fusion protein, preadsorbed on glutathione-Sepharose beads, was incubated with the peptide library (1 mg) in phosphate-buffered saline (150 mm NaCl, 3 mm KCl, 10 mm Na2HP04, 2 mm KH2P04, pH 7.2), 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and 0.01% Nonidet P-40 for 1 h at 4 °C. The beads were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline. The peptides retained were eluted with 30% acetic acid, lyophilized, resuspended in distilled water, and sequenced as a mixture. To determine the relative selectivity of amino acids at each degenerate (X) position, the sequences of bound peptides were compared with those of control experiments using GST alone (28Songyang Z. Shoelson S.E. Chaudhuri M. Gish G. Pawson T. Haser W.G. King F. Roberts T. Ratnofsky S. Lechleider R.J. Neel B.G. Birge R.B. Fajardo J.E. Chou M.M. Hanafusa H. Schaffhausen B. Cantley L. Cell. 1993; 72: 767-778Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2370) Google Scholar). Details concerning combinatorial library construction and screening can be found in Ref. 29Songyang Z. Cantley L.C. Methods Enzymol. 1995; 254: 523-535Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar. The GST-SH3 domain of amphiphysin was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose followed by anion exchange chromatography on a Protein-Pack Q 8HR column (Waters) using a 0–350 mm NaCl gradient in 25 mm HEPES buffer, pH 7.0, on a fast protein liquid chromatography system (Pharmacia). 90 μg of purified protein was labeled with 125I using IODO-BEADS (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specific radioactivity of the labeled protein was determined as 1.772 × 106 cpm/μg, which corresponds to 7.974 × 107 cpm/nmol. A GST-fusion protein comprising the full-length proline-rich domain (PRD) of dynamin was coupled to Ultralink Biosupport medium (Pierce) at a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml. The radiolabeled GST-SH3 domain of amphiphysin was incubated with 5 μl of PRD beads in 100 μl of 20 mm HEPES, pH 7.2, 150 mm NaCl, 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and 0.1% Tween 20 for 1 h at room temperature. Beads were collected by centrifugation in the Eppendorf microcentrifuge and washed twice with ice-cold reaction buffer. The radioactivity of the supernatant of the centrifugation (free) and beads (bound) was determined using a γ-radiation counter. Specific binding was determined as the difference in binding in the absence and presence of a 100-molar excess of unlabeled amphiphysin SH3 domain. The affinity constant was calculated from the slope of the Scatchard plot of the binding data. Preparation of total tissue homogenates and SDS-PAGE were performed according to Laemmli (30Laemmli U.K. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (205523) Google Scholar). Protein was measured using the BCA and Coomassie Plus protein assay kit (Pierce). To determine whether the binding of amphiphysin to dynamin I is critically dependent on the classical SH3 domain binding interface, we generated a mutant amphiphysin SH3 domain harboring point mutations at amino acid positions 684 (glycine to arginine) and 687 (proline to leucine). Each of these two mutations were found to abolish the binding properties of the SH3 domains of the Grb2Sem5Drk protein (31Clark S.G. Stern M.J. Horvitz H.R. Nature. 1992; 356: 340-344Crossref PubMed Scopus (460) Google Scholar). GST-fusion proteins comprising either the wild type or the mutant amphiphysin SH3 domains were incubated with brain extracts, and the proteins that selectively bound to these constructs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and protein staining. As shown in Fig. 1, both dynamin I and synaptojanin were specifically affinity-purified by the wild type but not by the mutant SH3 domain. To identify the binding site for amphiphysin SH3 domain in dynamin I, a variety of dynamin I deletion constructs were generated (Fig.2,A and B), and their ability to affinity-purify amphiphysin from brain extract was assessed by Western blotting of the affinity-purified material (Fig. 2 C). As shown in Fig. 2, B and C (lane 3), a GST-fusion protein containing the entire proline-rich domain of dynamin I binds amphiphysin, while GST alone or a truncated form of dynamin I missing the entire proline-rich region does not (Fig. 2, Band C, lanes 1 and 2), confirming that the interaction is mediated as expected by the proline-rich region of dynamin I. Progressive deletion of the COOH-terminal portion of the proline-rich region of dynamin I defined the segment comprising amino acids 832 and 848 as essential for amphiphysin binding (Fig. 2, comparelanes 4 and 5). Since amphiphysin is the major band selectively enriched in the material, which is affinity-purified by constructs 3 and 4 (lanes 3 and 4 of Fig.2 B, arrows), these data also confirm that amphiphysin is indeed one of the major dynamin-binding proteins in rat brain. Further deletions within the proline-rich domain of dynamin I allowed definition of the sequence PSRPNR as the amino acid stretch required for the interaction (Fig. 3 A,constructs 2 and 5; Fig. 3 B,lanes 2 and 5). This result was corroborated by the demonstration that mutation of the arginine and proline within this segment into an aspartate and alanine, respectively (construct 3 of Fig. 3 A), also abolished amphiphysin binding (Fig.3 B, lane 3). A common characteristic of SH3 domain binding sites is the presence of the core motif PXXP, which is often followed by an arginine at position +5 (the first P of the core PXXP being position 0) in class II binding ligands for SH3 domains (32Feng S. Chen J.K. Yu H. Simon J.A. Schreiber S.L. Science. 1994; 266: 1241-1247Crossref PubMed Scopus (737) Google Scholar, 33Yu H. Chen J.K. Feng S. Dalgarno D. Brauer A.W. Schreiber S.L. Cell. 1994; 76: 933-945Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 34Cohen G.B. Ren R. Baltimore D. Cell. 1995; 80: 237-248Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (922) Google Scholar, 35Sparks A.B. Rider J.E. Hoffman N.G. Fowlkes D.M. Quilliam L.A. Kay B.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 1540-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar). Disruption of amphiphysin binding by the mutation of constructs 3 and 5 is therefore compatible with a binding of amphiphysin either to the sequence PSRPNR or to the overlapping sequence PQVPSR. However, amphiphysin was still able to bind (albeit less efficiently) to construct 4, which includes only the PSRPNR motif (Fig. 3 A, construct 4; Fig.3 B, lane 4), confirming the importance of this amino acid sequence. The less effective binding of the amphiphysin to this construct is not surprising since there is evidence that SH3 domain binding can be modulated by amino acid sequences flanking the main SH3 domain binding site (34Cohen G.B. Ren R. Baltimore D. Cell. 1995; 80: 237-248Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (922) Google Scholar). In contrast to these findings, all Grb2 binding activity was lost in constructs 4, 5, and 6, indicating that the PQVPSR motif is the major Grb2 binding site (Fig. 3 B). Mutation or deletion of the PSRPNR sequence did not decrease binding of the SH3-containing proteins PLC-γ1 (36Scaife R. Gout I. Waterfield M.D. Margolis R.L. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 2574-2582Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar) (Fig. 3 B) and cortactin (37Wu H. Parsons J.T. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 120: 1417-1426Crossref PubMed Scopus (446) Google Scholar) (not shown), which therefore must bind to sequences NH2-terminal to this site. The crucial role of the PSRPNR region for the amphiphysin-dynamin I interaction was confirmed by overlaying blots of dynamin I constructs (Fig. 3 A) with recombinant polyhistidine-tagged amphiphysin (Fig. 3 C). This experiment rules out the possibility that the interactions revealed by affinity chromatography of brain extracts (Fig. 2, B and C, and Fig. 3 B) may be indirect. We next used a combinatorial peptide library approach to identify the preferred binding motif of the SH3 domain of amphiphysin and its relation to the binding region identified in dynamin I. A combinatorial peptide library was incubated with the GST-amphiphysin SH3 domain, and the consensus amino acid sequence that binds the SH3 domain was established by sequencing of the bound peptides (Fig.4). The consensus obtained was PXRPXR(H)R(H) in good agreement with the results of our binding studies. To determine the affinity of the interaction between the proline-rich domain of dynamin I and the SH3 domain of amphiphysin we tested a125I-labeled GST-SH3 domain of amphiphysin for its binding to immobilized GST-fusion protein comprising the proline-rich domain of dynamin I (construct 3 of Fig. 2 A). The results are shown in Fig. 5. They are consistent with a single-site binding model and demonstrate a high affinity interaction with a dissociation constant of 190 ± 10 nm. Since the putative preferred binding sites for amphiphysin and Grb2 are partially overlapping in the proline-rich domain of dynamin, we tested whether the SH3 domain of amphiphysin and Grb2 can compete for binding to dynamin I. As shown in Fig. 6, Grb2 prevented the binding of amphiphysin, confirming the close localization of the binding sites for these two proteins in the dynamin I molecule.Figure 6Grb2 competes with amphiphysin SH3 domain for binding to dynamin I. A GST-fusion protein comprising the proline-rich sequence of dynamin I (construct 3 of Fig.2 A) was incubated with 400 nm radiolabeled GST-amphiphysin SH3 domain in the absence (1) or presence (2) of 40 μm GST-Grb2-fusion protein.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Dynamin I contains a proline-rich COOH-terminal region of about 100 amino acids that interacts in vitro and in vivo with a variety of SH3 domain-containing proteins, including PLC-γ, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src, Grb2, and amphiphysin (15Gout I. Dhand R. Hiles I.D. Fry M.J. Panayotou G. Das P. Troung O. Totty N.F. Hsuan J. Booker G.W. Cell. 1993; 75: 25-36Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (482) Google Scholar, 16Seedorf K. Kostka G. Lammers R. Bashkin P. Daly R. Burgess W.H. van der Bliek A.M. Schlessinger J. Ullrich A. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 16009-16014Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 23McPherson P.S. Garcia E.P. Slepnev V.I. David C. Zhang X.M. Grabs D. Sossin W.S. Bauerfeind R. Nemoto Y. De Camilli P. Nature. 1996; 379: 353-357Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar, 37Wu H. Parsons J.T. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 120: 1417-1426Crossref PubMed Scopus (446) Google Scholar). The multiplicity of the binding partners for this domain revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies may be explained by either a promiscuous interaction of various SH3 domains with several proline-rich stretches or by the presence in the tail of dynamin I of an array of distinct sites, each of which specifically binds certain SH3 domains. We report here that amphiphysin, a binding partner for dynamin I in nerve endings (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar), binds with remarkable specificity and high affinity to a unique site in its long proline-rich domain. The sequence PSRPNR at the amino acid position from 833 to 838 was found to be critically required for amphiphysin binding. Strikingly, this sequence matches the consensus binding motif of the amphiphysin-SH3 domain very well as revealed by a combinatorial peptide library: PXRPXR(H)R(H). The only difference between the dynamin I binding site and this consensus is the presence of an alanine rather than an arginine at position +6 (see Fig.3 A). However, the position +6 is clearly not essential for dynamin I binding as shown by the similar binding of constructs 1 and 2 of Fig. 3 A. This is a novel SH3 binding consensus that would predict a class II type orientation of the peptide, given the presence of an arginine at the COOH-terminal side (position +5) of the core (32Feng S. Chen J.K. Yu H. Simon J.A. Schreiber S.L. Science. 1994; 266: 1241-1247Crossref PubMed Scopus (737) Google Scholar, 33Yu H. Chen J.K. Feng S. Dalgarno D. Brauer A.W. Schreiber S.L. Cell. 1994; 76: 933-945Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (868) Google Scholar, 34Cohen G.B. Ren R. Baltimore D. Cell. 1995; 80: 237-248Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (922) Google Scholar, 35Sparks A.B. Rider J.E. Hoffman N.G. Fowlkes D.M. Quilliam L.A. Kay B.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 1540-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar). We note that an amino acid sequence that fits the consensus PXRPXR is present in synaptojanin, the other major amphiphysin binding protein in brain (23McPherson P.S. Garcia E.P. Slepnev V.I. David C. Zhang X.M. Grabs D. Sossin W.S. Bauerfeind R. Nemoto Y. De Camilli P. Nature. 1996; 379: 353-357Crossref PubMed Scopus (485) Google Scholar). The PSRPNR sequence is placed at the COOH-terminal end of a longer proline-rich stretch in dynamin I (Fig. 3 A) that contains the sequence PQVPSR. This sequence was recently reported to fit the consensus for binding to the NH2-terminal SH3 domain of Grb2 and to the SH3 domain of Src (35Sparks A.B. Rider J.E. Hoffman N.G. Fowlkes D.M. Quilliam L.A. Kay B.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 1540-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar). While the core of these other consensus motifs is the PQVP sequence, our results suggest that the core of the amphiphysin binding site is located three amino acids closer to the COOH terminus and corresponds to the PSRP sequence. We do, however, provide support to the hypothesis that the PQVP motif represents the core of the major Grb2 binding site, which is consistent with the mapping of the Grb2 binding region in dynamin I reported by other groups (15Gout I. Dhand R. Hiles I.D. Fry M.J. Panayotou G. Das P. Troung O. Totty N.F. Hsuan J. Booker G.W. Cell. 1993; 75: 25-36Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (482) Google Scholar, 18Miki H. Miura K. Matuoka K. Nakata T. Hirokawa N. Orita S. Kaibuchi K. Takai Y. Tekenawa T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 5489-5492Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Accordingly, the ability of Grb2 to compete with amphiphysin for binding to dynamin I supports a close localization of the binding sites for these two proteins. The sequence PSRPNR is clearly not required for the binding of dynamin I to the SH3 domain of PLC-γ, in agreement with previous results indicating that PLC-γ and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase bind to an amino acid sequence upstream of this region (amino acids 778–795) (15Gout I. Dhand R. Hiles I.D. Fry M.J. Panayotou G. Das P. Troung O. Totty N.F. Hsuan J. Booker G.W. Cell. 1993; 75: 25-36Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (482) Google Scholar, 36Scaife R. Gout I. Waterfield M.D. Margolis R.L. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 2574-2582Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar). On the other hand, a dynamin sequence including the PSRPNR site was proposed to be a PLC-γ binding site based on combinatorial peptide library data (35Sparks A.B. Rider J.E. Hoffman N.G. Fowlkes D.M. Quilliam L.A. Kay B.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 1540-1544Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar). These results stress the importance of complementing information on SH3 domain consensus sequences obtained using small peptides with studies on longer protein stretches. These findings provide support to the hypothesis that the long proline-rich COOH-terminal region of dynamin I represents a template for the recruitment of different SH3-containing proteins via highly specific interactions mediated by distinct binding sites. The proline-rich domain of dynamin I undergoes phosphorylation/dephosphorylation (38Robinson P.J. Sontag J-M. Liu J-P. Fykse E.M. Slaughter C.A. McMahon H.T. Sudhof T.C. Nature. 1993; 365: 163-166Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar). It is possible that the phosphorylation of specific amino acid positions may serve to selectively regulate the interactions of dynamin I with one or a subset of SH3 domains. Many of the SH3 domain-containing proteins that interact with dynamin I can also interact via distinct domains with proteins that are concentrated at plasmalemmal clathrin-coated pits. For example, PLC-γ, the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Grb2, also contains SH2 domains that bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated growth factor receptors (39Pawson T. Nature. 1995; 373: 573-580Crossref PubMed Scopus (2211) Google Scholar). Amphiphysin interacts via a region distinct from its SH3 domain with the clathrin adaptor AP2 (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar, 24Wang L-H. Sudhof T.C. Anderson R.G.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 10079-10083Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar). The presence of binding sites for these various proteins in the tail of dynamin I may serve to guarantee an efficient recruitment of dynamin I at clathrin-coated buds (19David C. McPherson P.S. Mundigl O. De Camilli P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996; 93: 331-335Crossref PubMed Scopus (349) Google Scholar) where dynamin I plays a key role in the fission reaction (13Herskovits J.S. Shpetner H.S. Burgess C.C. Vallee R.B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993; 90: 11468-11472Crossref PubMed Scopus (125) Google Scholar). Conversely, due to its property of interacting with multiple SH3 domains dynamin I itself may serve to further recruit other SH3 domain-containing proteins in a positive feedback loop. In agreement with these considerations, we have recently shown that disruptions of the SH3-mediated interactions of dynamin in living nerve terminal preparations potently inhibits the fission reaction of clathrin-coated vesicles (40Shupliakov O Low P Grabs D Gad H Chen H David C Takei K De Camilli P Brodin L et al.Science. 1997; (in press)PubMed Google Scholar). Furthermore, a previous study has shown that an SH3 domain binding motif in dynamin I is required for its targeting to clathrin-coated pits in COS7 cells (41Shpetner H.S. Herskovits J.S. Vallee R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 13-16Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). This motif was mapped to a site upstream to the sequence PSRPNR described here, which could be deleted without abolishing dynamin I targeting in these cells (41Shpetner H.S. Herskovits J.S. Vallee R.B. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 13-16Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (108) Google Scholar). However, the SH3 domain of amphiphysin may play a dominant role in the recruitment of dynamin I at clathrin-coated pits involved in synaptic vesicle reformation, while other SH3 domain-containing proteins may play a dominant role at other types of clathrin-coated pits. The data here open the possibility of generating mutant dynamin I molecules that are selectively impaired in their property of binding the SH3 domain of amphiphysin and therefore studying the precise role of this interaction in nerve terminal function. We thank Dr. S. Schmid for the gift of dynamin clones and Drs. T. Parson and S. G. Rhee for the gift of antibodies." @default.
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• W1999922223 title "The SH3 Domain of Amphiphysin Binds the Proline-rich Domain of Dynamin at a Single Site That Defines a New SH3 Binding Consensus Sequence" @default.
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