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• W2000254231 abstract "For over half a century the Pyrenees were considered to be a mountain range in which compressional structures were ancient (pre-Oligocene) but topography was young due to late Neogene tectonic uplift. Sufficient time had been afforded for a ‘peneplain’ to form at low elevations, undergo vertical uplift and remain partially preserved at high elevations until present times. This model of topographic growth has since been challenged by alternative theories. One of these postulates that topography in active orogens is in a steady-state, hence mountain ranges must be monocyclic and their ‘peneplains’ must have formed at high altitudes during continental convergence as a result of raised foreland base levels. Here we investigate Pyrenean denudation chronology using a range of evidence including provenance stratigraphy, the cross-cutting relations between topographic and tectonic features, and the age of regolith based on fossil faunas and floras. We find that the Eastern Pyrenees underwent a punctuated topographic evolution until recent times driven primarily by tectonic forcing, including kilometre-scale rock and surface uplift after 12 Ma. Climatic and eustatic inputs were subsidiary driving mechanisms. In addition to sheet-like geological formations such as lava flows or alluvial terraces, planar landforms can be used as markers to quantify topographic uplift. This makes them special among the diverse forms of topography at the Earth’s surface. The accuracy of vertical displacement values relies on evidence concerning predeformational geometry and age of the preserved feature. Owing to the limited life span of planar landforms ,1 km in length scale (e.g. fluvial or marine rock terraces) in high-energy environments, due also to limitations on the time depth of dating techniques, few such landforms allow displacements older than the Pleistocene to be estimated. Equally significant, however, are discrete remnants of Cenozoic erosion surfaces because these allow inferences to be made on topographic change reaching further back in time. Topographic evolution in mountain belts is commonly reconstructed by assuming longterm steady-state conditions, or by inverting apatite fission-track datasets that lack independent constraints from the field (e.g. Morris et al. 1998). However, in complex areas such as the Mediterranean collision zone, non-equilibrium conditions in late Mesozoic to Cenozoic mountain belts are likely to prevail for longer periods of time than steady-state topography can ever be realistically maintained by unsteady tectonic stress fields. Although the intuitive recognition of non-equilibrium in most of the Earth’s relief systems is largely rooted in Davisian ideas on landscape evolution (Davis 1899), other approaches such as thermochronometric methods have only recently begun to be used to elucidate nonequilibrium situations in mountain belts. This raises challenging geodynamic questions because the geomorphic evidence for flat topography preserved at high elevations requires either limited long-term denudation since the erosional plain was formed, or endogenous mechanisms to have caused recent, and often rapid, surface uplift of the relict landscapes (e.g. Clark et al. 2005). In this paper, we explore the implications of erosion surface occurrence in the Eastern Pyrenees as a basis for making statements about the history and evolution of mountain topography. We systematically link the erosion surfaces to other related geological archives in the landscape, namely the sedimentary and palaeontological record. We therefore propose to invert the tectonics and climate from a reading of the landscape and stratigraphy. As such, the study can stand alone as a conventional, multidisciplinary field investigation, but we feel it can also serve as a basis for promoting sampling strategies for low-temperature thermochronology. Given the sensitivity to parameter choices often encountered in fission-track analysis (e.g. Ketcham 2005), greater precision is gained from From: GALLAGHER, K., JONES, S. J. & WAINWRIGHT, J. (eds) Landscape Evolution: Denudation, Climate and Tectonics Over Different Time and Space Scales. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 296, 147–166. DOI: 10.1144/SP296.10 0305-8719/08/$15.00 # The Geological Society of London 2008. so-called forward approaches, in which thermal histories are fitted empirically to predefined, independent geomorphological and stratigraphic constraints. A forward approach predicts what combination of measured fission-track or (U–Th)/ He parameters would be expected from a sample that has undergone a predefined t–T history. Such independently established histories benefit from constraints and data such as presented in this paper. Erosion surfaces in mountain belts The existence of elevated erosion surfaces in mountain ranges has been a subject of much debate and speculation for over a century. They have long been interpreted as uplifted peneplains, implying that the orogen was eroded down to base level and subsequently uplifted to its current elevation without the mature surfaces being entirely erased from the scenery by fluvial dissection. This view was held, for instance, for the Laramide Rockies by Davis (1911). Birot (1937) and de Sitter (1952) also reached similar conclusions for the Pyrenean Axial Zone, which corresponds to the area of pre-Mesozoic outcrops in the most uplifted and deeply eroded part of the Pyrenees (Fig. 1). Erosion surfaces are key landforms in most landscapes because they express an attenuation of pre-existing relief, in which elevation differences between valley floors and interfluve summits have been reduced even though the final result is never as perfectly flat as young depositional or structural surfaces. Whereas structural benches in the topography are shaped by differences in rock resistance, and are therefore essentially an expression of rock mechanics, erosional bevels cut rocks of varying resistance as well as geological dips and structures. Such low-gradient topography is therefore not just a geological surface: it is the expression of a geomorphic history governed by erosional processes. In mountain belts, erosion surfaces can be used as geomorphic gauges of the intensity of forcing mechanisms, particularly tectonics, but also climate or drainage incision, during a particular time interval. Incised erosion surfaces express a resumption of unequal erosion between valleys and interfluves, usually due to an intensification of those forcing mechanisms. Contrary to oversimplifications of Davisian doctrine, erosion surfaces may form, at least locally, at a variety of elevations above sea level providing raised base levels exist to achieve this. It can therefore not always be ruled out that scattered local erosion surfaces in a mountain range were formed locally and independently of one another instead of representing a single, regional erosional plain that has been subsequently dissected and/or fragmented by faulting. However, the fact that this possibility constitutes a theoretical alternative to the raised peneplain model need not rule out the latter a priori simply because it connects conceptually with disregarded Davisian theory (see, e.g. Phillips 2002 for a discussion). Furthermore, also contrary to widespread belief, erosion surfaces are not horizontal: just as marine abrasion platforms exhibit natural seaward slopes of up to 18 in order to allow evacuation of debris, erosion surfaces grade to a local or regional base level. Because they are not initially horizontal, their local slope is therefore not an easily established function of deformational tilt by subsequent tectonic movements. It has long been observed that, compared with the Central Pyrenees and contrary to the expected steep topography of many mountain ranges, the Eastern Pyrenees are relatively flat-topped. In order to readdress this problem after ca. 70 years (Birot 1937), we initially establish where the erosion surfaces are situated within the orogen and how many generations can be distinguished. This exhaustive survey forms the basis for subsequently investigating how old the erosion surfaces are, and what they tell us about topographic change in the orogen: did they form at their currently observed altitudes, or must we accept that they formed at lower elevations and were more recently uplifted?" @default.
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• W2000254231 title "Planar landforms as markers of denudation chronology: an inversion of East Pyrenean tectonics based on landscape and sedimentary basin analysis" @default.
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