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• W2000493247 abstract "Plantings of cocoa were made in Ghana between 1973 and 1979, mainly at sites where trees had been removed during routine eradication operations to control cocoa swollen shoot virus disease. Sites of 0· 1–4·3 ha were planted with seedlings of Upper Amazon x Amelonado or Inter-Upper Amazon progenies. Fifteen sites were in Ashanti Region and 89 were in Eastern Region, including 81 in the ‘Area of Mass Infection’ that is worst affected by swollen shoot disease. At 18 sites establishment was unsatisfactory; the remainder were inspected regularly until December 1986 to follow the pattern and sequence of infection. All trees found with symptoms of swollen shoot disease were recorded and then removed in attempts to restrict further spread within the plantings. Infection recurred at four of the nine sites where cocoa was established successfully in Ashanti Region, but only eight of the 7636 trees became infected. They were all in the outermost rows and close to older infected trees in adjacent farms. Swollen shoot recurred at 66 of the 77 sites established in Eastern Region. At five sites some trees were infected within 18 months of planting and at eight sites the cumulative losses ultimately exceeded 10% of the original stand. Many of the infections were in the outer rows and in contact with or close to older infected trees in adjacent farms. There were no nearby sources of infection at ten of the 11 sites that remained unaffected throughout the entire period of observations. The ten sites were separated from other cocoa or were part of much larger areas that had been completely cleared and replanted. These results are discussed in relation to the prospects for successfully re-establishing cocoa in areas affected by swollen shoot disease. It is concluded that there is little risk of reinfection in the areas of scattered outbreaks, provided that all adjoining cocoa is under regular inspection and treatment. This is not always feasible and in the Eastern Region Area of Mass Infection it is recommended that new plantings should stop at least 10 m short of the plot boundary to provide a ‘cordon sanitaire’. Plantings should ideally be large and compact to decrease the proportion of trees in the vulnerable peripheral areas." @default.
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• W2000493247 date "1989-08-01" @default.
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• W2000493247 title "Spread of cocoa swollen shoot virus to recent plantings in Ghana" @default.
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• W2000493247 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(89)90010-0" @default.
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