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- W2000588110 abstract "Problems arising in the analysis of echo ranges are contingent for their solution on a thorough understanding of the way sound is reflected from a rough sea surface. Information on surface reflectivity has been obtained by means of a special experiment carried out under controlled conditions. The method consists of controlling the geometry by mounting projector and hydrophone on vertical steel towers embedded in the ocean bottom, and sending a very short frequency-modulated pulse from projector to hydrophone. Each such frequency sweep yielded an interference pattern, since the path difference between direct and reflected sound was fixed while the sound frequency was changing; from an examination of the interference patterns of many successive pulses, it is possible to obtain (1) the instantaneous reflectivity, (2) the time structure of changes in reflectivity, (3) the probability distribution of the amplitude reflection coefficient. It is found that the reflectivity at any one frequency changes negligibly in a time interval as small as 1/30 of a second, but may change appreciably in the course of a few seconds. The reflection coefficient at any one instant is frequency-dependent, in a manner depending on the instantaneous geometry of the surface. With all surface wave heights up to one foot, the instantaneous reflection coefficient was found to vary between 0 and 2.5, with median values near unity. At least 10 percent of the time on each day the amplitude reflection coefficient was above 100 percent. These results indicate that the sea surface reflects sound as if it were a collection of many separated distinct small mirrors oriented at the right direction to deliver sound to the hydrophone." @default.
- W2000588110 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2000588110 date "1947-01-01" @default.
- W2000588110 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W2000588110 title "Reflection of Sound from the Sea Surface" @default.
- W2000588110 doi "https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1902487" @default.
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