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• W2000595039 abstract "AbstractCertification is becoming a significant global governance instrument for regulating transnational supply chains. The article analyses more than 400 eco-certification systems (CS) on three components related to legitimacy: the openness of the standard-setting process, the independent nature of conformity assessment, and the presence of dispute settlement systems. The article focuses specifically on the so far neglected third component, since the presence of dispute systems plays an important role in the development and granting of legitimacy to CS. These systems open up the CS to external stakeholders with sometimes conflicting interests. The article shows that only a few CS contain dispute settlement systems and explores potential explanations for this, highlighting the importance of the political and economic institutional environment for the institutional design of CS. This design, in turn, affects their ability to gain legitimacy.RESUMEN.La certificación se está convirtiendo en un importante instrumento de regulación para las cadenas transnacionales de suministro. El artículo analiza a más de 400 sistemas de certificación ecológica (CS, por sus siglas en inglés) en tres componentes relacionados con la legitimidad: la apertura del proceso normativo estándar, la naturaleza independiente de la evaluación de conformidad, y la presencia de sistemas de resolución de litigios. El artículo se enfoca especialmente en el tercer componente, que ha sido tan descuidado, puesto que la presencia de los sistemas de litigios juega un rol importante en el desarrollo y la adjudicación de la legitimidad a los sistemas de certificación ecológica. Estos sistemas se exponen a los CS a participantes externos con intereses a veces conflictivos. El artículo muestra que solo algunos CS contienen sistemas de resolución de litigios y explora algunas explicaciones potenciales sobre esta situación, resaltando la importancia del medio ambiente político y económico institucional, para el diseño institucional de los CS. Este diseño, a su vez, afecta su habilidad de ganar legitimidad.أصبحت عملية منح شهادات الاعتماد أداةً مهمةً في الحوكمة العالمية الرامية إلى تنظيم عمل سلاسل الإمداد بالسلع والخدمات العابرة للقوميات. وتحلل هذه المقالة ما يزيد عن 400 من نُظم منح شهادات الاعتماد البيئية، وذلك بناءً على ثلاثة مكونات تتعلق بالشرعية، وهي: انفتاح عملية وضع المعايير، والطبيعة المستقلة لتقييم مدى التوافق، ووجود آليات لتسوية المنازعات. وتركز المقالة بشكل خاص على المكون الثالث، الذي لا يزال مهملاً حتى الآن، لأن وجود آليات لتسوية المنازعات يلعب دوراً مهماً في منح الشرعية لنُظم منح شهادات الاعتماد البيئية. ومن شأن آليات تسوية المنازعات أن تجعل نظم منح شهادات الاعتماد البيئية مفتوحةً أمام الأطراف الخارجية صاحبة المصلحة، والتي أحياناً ما تكون لديها مصالح متعارضة. وتبين المقالة أنه لا توجد آليات لتسوية المنازعات سوى في عدد قليل من نُظم منح شهادات الاعتماد البيئية. وتستكشف المقالة التفسيرات المحتملة لذلك الواقع، مسلطةً الضوء على أهمية المناخ المؤسسي السياسي والاجتماعي بالنسبة لعملية التصميم المؤسسي لنُظم منح شهادات الاعتماد البيئية. وفي المقابل، فإن هذا التصميم يؤثر على قدرة هذه النُظم على اكتساب الشرعية.인증은 초국적 공급 연쇄를 규제하는데 중요한 지구적 거버넌스의 수단이 되고 있다. 이 논문은 정당성과 관련된 3개의 요소를 중심으로 400개 이상의 환경 인증 시스템을 분석한다: 기준 설정 과정의 개방성, 독립적인 적합성 평가, 그리고 갈등 조정 시스템 존재. 특히 이 논문은 갈등 시스템의 존재가 환경 인증을 발전시키고 그리고 정당성을 부여하는데 중요한 역할을 하였기 때문에 지금까지 소홀하게 다루어진 세 번째 요소에 초점을 맞춘다. 환경인증 시스템은 때로 이해가 다른 외부의 이해관계 당사자들에게 환경인증을 개방한다. 이 글은 단지 일부의 환경인증만이 갈등해소 시스템을 지니고 있다는 것을 보여주고, 환경 인증 제도의 고안에서 정치적이고 경제적인 제도적 환경의 중요성을 강조하면서, 이것에 대한 잠재적 설명을 탐색한다. 차례로 이러한 설계가 그들이 정당성을 얻는 능력에 영향을 미친다.Keywords: non-state market regulationglobal governancelegitimacyinstitutional designdispute settlement AcknowledgementsThe author wishes to thank Bram Kin for research assistance and David D'Hollander, Stefan Renckens, Nicolas Hachez, Emilie Bécault, and the participants of the workshop on The Legitimacy and Legitimation of Transnational Governance, Department of Political Science, Lund University, 7–8 May 2012 (especially Magdalena Bexell, Karin Bäckstrand, Anna Leander, and Pieter Glasbergen) for comments on an earlier draft. The author acknowledges and thanks Big Room Inc. for giving access to the Ecolabel Index database.Notes1 More information on the database is available on the website of Ecolabel Index: http://www.ecolabelindex.com/.2 A file describing each of the systems is available upon request from the author.3 FSC Guidelines for Certification Bodies, Subject 2.19, 2.3.4 See for example the 2002 report conducted by the Rainforest Foundation (Counsell & Loraas, Citation2002), the FSC-Watch website at http://www.fsc-watch.org, and Gale (Citation2009).5 FSC Interim Dispute Resolution Protocol, p. 2. Exceptions to this membership requirement rule include Accreditation bodies or applicant accreditation bodies. They can challenge decisions made on their application status without having to be FSC members.6 FSC 2002, Final Motions and Results from the FSC General Assembly 2002, Policy-23 ‘Motion to improve FSC dispute resolution processes’. Retrieved from http://www.fsc.org/fileadmin/web-data/public/document_center/general_assembly_documents/FSC_General_Assembly_2002_Final_Motions.pdf.7 The whole procedure is defined through ‘FSC Disputed Resolution System’ (FSC-STD-01-005).8 FSC 2009, Processing Complaints in the FSC Certification Scheme [FSC-PRO-01-008 (V1.0)], p. 6.9 The new system now relies on five short referenced documents for its application. Compared to the Protocol, which was a unique and lengthy document of 55 pages, this multi-document approach allows stakeholders to more clearly distinguish the various steps of the FSC's informal, formal, and appeal stages of the complaint process.10 http://www.certifiedorganic.bc.ca/standards/docs/Book_1_V9.pdf.11 http://www.animalwelfareapproved.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Policy-and-Guidelines-v2.pdf.12 http://pefc.org/standards/technical-documentation/pefc-guides-2010.13 http://www.utzcertified.org/images/stories/site/pdf/special/101012_UTZ_CERTIFIED_Complaint_handling_procedure.pdf.14 See, for example, comments by an ex MSC CEO at http://maydayblog.com/what-alaskas-pullout-tells-us-about-the-marin.Additional informationAxel Marx is Deputy-Director of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, University of Leuven. He studied in Leuven, Hull, and Cambridge and holds a PhD from the University of Leuven. His research focuses mainly on global governance, certification, sustainability standards, non-state market regulation, human rights, trade governance, good governance, research methodology, comparative case methods, qualitative comparative analysis, fuzzy-set analysis, and case study research. His publications have appeared inter alia in European Political Science Review, Regulation and Governance, Political Research Quarterly, and Research in Sociology of Organizations. He recently co-edited (with Miet Maertens, Jo Swinnen, and Jan Wouters) Private Standards and Global Governance (Edward Elgar, 2012)." @default.
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• W2000595039 title "Legitimacy, Institutional Design, and Dispute Settlement: The Case of Eco-Certification Systems" @default.
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