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• W2000709682 abstract "IN DEALING with the phenomena of variation, it is of little importance whether infraspecific populations are given nomenclatorial recognition; but it is of considerable value to ascertain the nature and the extent of the variation within any species. Among reptiles and amphibians ontogenetic changes as well as sexual dimorphism often complicate the procedure. It is necessary first to ascertain the extent of variation within local populations. Once this information is available local populations can be compared, and virtually always it is possible to demonstrate geographical trends in variation. There are several methods that can be used to indicate the complexity of the variations encountered in any species. The method selected will depend upon the nature of the variations observed as well as upon the size of the samples. Symbols can be plotted on maps for individual characters, or population formulas can be devised. For some sorts of data the DiceLeraas method provides an adequate means of demonstrating the nature of the trends observed, or even simple bar diagrams can be employed. When data have been obtained for a sufficient number of characters it is virtually always possible to demonstrate the existence of divers geographical trends, continuous in some characters, discontinuous in others. Or there may be reversals or abrupt changes in trends, usually accompanied by discontinuities in distribution or in ecological factors. After several characters have been plotted, or at first merely tabulated in geographical sequence, it is often possible to delineate areas inhabited by populations that share more than one characteristic not possessed by populations in other parts of the range inhabited by the species as a whole. When the differences are of sufficient magnitude there are advantages in nomenclatorial recognition of such distinctive populations. The mere pigeonholing of populations at infraspecific levels, especially when the range of variation has not been ascertained for several characters, conveys a false impression of uniformity, as Huxley pointed out in 1939. However, the belief that clines within species preclude the possibility of recognizing subspecies is based upon an equally false assumption. For if names are not employed to designate recognizably different assemblages of individuals within the species, an equally false impression of uniformity is conveyed by the use of the specific name alone. As Moore has shown in his study of the common North American frog, Rana pipiens, when clines are involved they may affect breeding potentialities as well as phenotypic characters; individuals drawn from populations at opposite ends of a cline may be as different reproductively as they are phenotypically. If there is no conspicuous discontinuity in more than one character, it may, of course, still be unprofitable to designate populations within the cline. On the other hand, subspecies can be recognized when sharp discontinuities can be demonstrated. After several characters of a species are tabulated, assuming that sufficiently large samples are drawn from" @default.
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• W2000709682 date "1954-09-01" @default.
• W2000709682 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2000709682 title "Herpetology: The Indication of Infraspecific Variation" @default.
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• W2000709682 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/2411584" @default.
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