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- W2000736584 abstract "The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is phosphorylated at multiple serine residues in a hormone-dependent manner, yet progress on elucidating the function of GR phosphorylation has been hindered by the lack of a simple assay to detect receptor phosphorylation <i>in vivo</i>. We have produced antibodies that specifically recognize phosphorylation sites within human GR at Ser<sup>203</sup> and Ser<sup>211</sup>. In the absence of hormone, the level of GR phosphorylation at Ser<sup>211</sup> was low compared with phosphorylation at Ser<sup>203</sup>. Phosphorylation of both residues increased upon treatment with the GR agonist dexamethasone. Using a battery of agonists and antagonists, we found that the transcriptional activity of GR correlated with the amount of phosphorylation at Ser<sup>211</sup>, suggesting that Ser<sup>211</sup> phosphorylation is a biomarker for activated GR <i>in vivo</i>. Mechanistically, the kinetics of Ser<sup>203</sup> and Ser<sup>211</sup> phosphorylation in response to hormone differed, with Ser<sup>211</sup> displaying a more robust and sustained phosphorylation relative to Ser<sup>203</sup>. Analysis of GR immunoprecipitates with phospho-GR-specific antibodies indicated that the receptor was phosphorylated heterogeneously at Ser<sup>203</sup> in the absence of hormone, whereas in the presence of hormone, a subpopulation of receptors was phosphorylated at both Ser<sup>203</sup> and Ser<sup>211</sup>. Interestingly, biochemical fractionation studies following hormone treatment indicated that the Ser<sup>203</sup>-phosphorylated form of the receptor was predominantly cytoplasmic, whereas Ser<sup>211</sup>-phosphorylated GR was found in the nucleus. Likewise, by immunofluorescence, Ser<sup>203</sup>-phosphorylated GR was located in the cytoplasm and perinuclear regions of the cell, but not in the nucleoplasm, whereas strong phospho-Ser<sup>211</sup> staining was evident in the nucleoplasm of hormone-treated cells. Our results suggest that differentially phosphorylated receptor species are located in unique subcellular compartments, likely modulating distinct aspects of receptor function." @default.
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- W2000736584 date "2002-07-01" @default.
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- W2000736584 title "Deciphering the Phosphorylation “Code” of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Vivo" @default.
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- W2000736584 doi "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110530200" @default.
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