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• W2000747105 abstract "This article begins with a discussion of the motivation for fertility reduction and related population policies. Next, it identifies the two major approaches to evaluating these policies in the population ethics literature: the individualistic approach and the international approach. Each approach is then characterized according to the kinds of policies evaluated, the ethical principles that are most prominent, and the major conclusions drawn. Major empirical gaps in the population ethics literature are identified, and pertinent social science issues concerning the effectiveness of family planning programs, the socioeconomic determinants of fertility, and the interpersonal or community determinants of fertility are discussed. Finally, these issues are linked with the United Nations World Population Plan of Action to identify ethical questions that warrant detailed scrutiny.This article discusses motivation for fertility reduction and related population policies. It identifies the 2 major approaches to evaluating these policies in the population ethics literature: the individualistic approach and the international approach. Each approach is then characterized according to the kinds of policies evaluated, the ethical principles that are most prominent, and the major conclusions drawn. Major empirical gaps in the population ethics literature are identified, and pertinent social science issues concerning the effectiveness of family planning programs, the socioeconomic determinants of fertility, and the interpersonal or community determinants of fertility are discussed. Finally, these issues are linked with the United Nations World Population Plan of Action to identify ethical questions that warrant detailed scrutiny. Estimates indicate that about 1/2 billion people around the world are malnourished and that more than 1 billion people lack access to clean water, sanitary sewage disposal, and trained health care. Additionally, perhaps 1/3 of the world's labor force is unemployed or earning too little to lift themselves and their families out of poverty. 4 general types of policies are discussed: voluntarist policies, incentive and welfare programs, shifts in social conditions, and involuntary governmental controls. Inquiries within the individualistic approach rely on freedom, justice, security and survival, but especially freedom. The international approach to population ethics consists of 2 opposing schools of thought: the lifeboat ethics school and the spaceship earth school. The 1st views each nation as a lifeboat with limited carrying capacity and emphasizes the need to ensure welfare of future generations rather than that of people in poor countries today. The 2nd school emphasizes global cooperation to reduce consumption, military spending and the waste of energy and other resources. The following broad types of fertility reduction policies could be implemented to deal with the serious threat to welfare, security and survival in the 3rd World: socioeconomic development policies, positive incentives, negative incentives, and sociopolitical pressures and coercion. Without major new policy initiatives in 3rd World countries, and without changes in international policies, the number of deprived 3rd World people will continually increase." @default.
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• W2000747105 date "1985-03-01" @default.
• W2000747105 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2000747105 title "Fertility Reduction Policies and Poverty in Third World Countries: Ethical Issues" @default.
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• W2000747105 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/1965573" @default.
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