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• W2000759563 abstract "Abstract This paper describes the development of a kinetic model of the in-situ combustion process from data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The kinetic model was used to predict fuel deposition and combustion rate in a combustion tube. Good predict fuel deposition and combustion rate in a combustion tube. Good agreement was obtained between predicted and observed fuel deposition and combustion rate in two combustion tube runs. A crude oil from Iola County, Kansas, was studied. This oil has a gravity of 19.8 API and a viscosity of 222 cp at 38C and 89 cp at 54C. Data from TGA experiments on Iola crude heated in the presence of air were obtained. Analysis of combustion gases from the TGA was done by gas chromatography to determine the nature of the reactions occurring during the TGA runs. Main reactions/transitions identified were distillation, low temperature oxidation, cracking and combustion. A kinetic model of the TGA process was developed from thermograms. The model is based on the weight of crude oil components which undergo main reactions/transitions. The kinetic model was used to predict the percentage of the crude oil deposited as fuel in the combustion process as percentage of the crude oil deposited as fuel in the combustion process as well as the time for consumption of the fuel within the combustion zone. By estimating the length of the combustion zone from an energy balance across the region where combustion reactions take place in a combustion tube, it was possible to predict the rate at which fuel was consumed during the process. A combustion tube run was made with silica sand containing 8.0% by weight Iola crude oil in order to test the prediction by the kinetic model derived from thermal analysis techniques. Results of the combustion tube run were in good agreement with predicted values of this work and another run from the literature which was performed on the same crude oil. The fuel heating value and heat availability during the process were also estimated by DSC techniques. However, the estimated heating values were low. This was attributed to the increase in heating value of the crude oil in the combustion tube due to low temperature oxidation and distillation effects downstream of the combustion front. Introduction In-situ combustion is a complex process which involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a multi-phase environment coupled with chemical reactions of crude oil combustion. While much work has been carried out to study the thermal and fluid dynamics aspects of the in-situ combustion process, the chemical reaction kinetics remain the least investigated process, the chemical reaction kinetics remain the least investigated aspect of underground combustion. Adequate kinetic data are necessary for reliable performance predictions by mathematical or numerical models because of the coupling between heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction phenomena taking place in in-situ combustion. Limited kinetics data are available in the petroleum literature on the rates and nature of the partial oxidation reactions and the high temperature combustion reactions. Oxidation reaction kinetics in the forward combustion process were presented by Bousaid who measured the reaction rate between carbon and oxygen in porous media. He obtained an expression for the burning rate of carbon as a function of carbon concentration, combustion temperature and oxygen partial pressure. His results indicated a first order dependency of the carbon combustion rate with respect to both carbon concentration and oxygen partial pressure. Dart et al. studied the combustion rate for oxidation of carbonaceous residues on clay catalyst pellets. They found second order dependency of the carbon burning rate on carbon content for carbon concentrations less than 2 wt. % of the catalyst and first order dependency on oxygen partial pressure. Eabbous and Fulton more specifically investigated the kinetics pressure. Eabbous and Fulton more specifically investigated the kinetics of low temperature oxidation of crude oils in porous media and indicated that the reaction order with respect to oxygen was between 0.5 and 1.0." @default.
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• W2000759563 date "1982-09-26" @default.
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• W2000759563 title "Development of a Kinetic Model for In-Situ Combustion and Prediction of the Process Variables using TGA/DSC Techniques" @default.
• W2000759563 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/11073-ms" @default.
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