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• W2000825581 abstract "Over a wide range of the tailward distances in the lobe/mantle regions (| X GSM′ |≤210 R E ), the Geotail spacecraft sometimes observed cold O + beams (COBs) streaming tailward at a velocity nearly equal to that of the major proton component. The discovery of the ionospheric ions in the distant lobe/mantle leads us to a reexamination of the conventional view which expects these O + ions to descend into the plasma sheet because of the E × B drift. In order to clarify the quantitative property of the COBs, we have projected COB parameters onto the polar ionosphere with a simple model which takes into account the velocity filter effect alone. The statistical data set from October 1993 to March 1995 in a solar‐minimum period is used in the calculation. The calculated average COB flux in the lobe/mantle corresponds to at least ∼10 8 cm −2 s −1 O + flux at the 1000‐km altitude. From the comparison with polar outflows, it is suggested that the cusp/cleft originating O + ions sometimes need significant additional energization(s) so as to supply the COBs in the distant tail. When we assume the typical flux and temperature of polar O + outflows, the required bulk energy of upward flowing ions (UFIs) turns out to be of the order of 3 keV, which is much higher than the typical energy of cusp/cleft outflows (<1 keV). The energy difference between the tail lobe/mantle and the cusp/cleft O + provides clues to the supply and/or energization mechanisms of the ionospheric ions. Calculations with individual COB events suggest that the rate of COB events in which the ionospheric O + outflow flux exceeds 10 9 cm −2 s −1 increases with the tailward distance, and it corresponds to 27% of all events in the distant tail of | X GSM′ |≥150 R E ." @default.
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• W2000825581 date "1998-12-01" @default.
• W2000825581 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2000825581 title "Quantification of tailward cold O⁺beams in the lobe/mantle regions with Geotail data: Constraints on polar O⁺outflows" @default.
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• W2000825581 doi "https://doi.org/10.1029/98ja02463" @default.
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