FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2000864375> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2000864375 endingPage "686" @default.
• W2000864375 startingPage "661" @default.
• W2000864375 abstract "Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the valuable advice of the anonymous referees and Dr. Harald Espeli, Norwegian School of Management, as well as the contributions by way of suggestions and firm warnings made by Professors Stig Tenold and Jan Tore Klovland, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration. Notes 1. M. Bordo and F. E. Kydland, ‘The gold standard as a commitment mechanism’, in T. Bayoumi, E. Tamim, B. Eichengreen, and M. P. Taylor (eds), Modern Perspectives on the Gold Standard (Cambridge, 1996), 55–100. 2. This has been emphasized by J. T. Klovland, S. Knutsen and E. Lie; see for instance E. Lie, ‘Økonomisk politikk i det 20. Århundre’, Historisk Tidsskrift, 4 (2006), 85, 645–64. 3. H. Skånland, ‘En skjev historie’, Sosialøkonomen, 8 (1999), 53, 5. 4. On the pre-war experience see: L. F. Øksendal, ‘Monetary policy under the gold standard – examining the case of Norway, 1893–1914’, Norges Bank Working Paper, (2008), 14. For an excellent overview of the international gold standard literature, see: J. Reis, ‘An “art”, not a “science”? Central bank management in Portugal under the gold standard 1863–87’, The Economic History Review, lx (2007), 712–41. 5. For instance Aschehoug refers to how Governor Bomhoff of Norges Bank has helped him with information in his book. 6. For a comprehensive account of Norwegian central bank thinking and practice during the gold standard, see: Øksendal, Monetary Policy under the Gold Standard. 7. On the workings of the monetary buffers see: Øksendal, Monetary Policy under the Gold Standard. 8. L. F. Øksendal, ‘Bank Rate Policy in Norway, 1893–1914’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 3 (2009), 57. 9. Parliamentary proceedings: Odelstingsproposisjon no. 24 (1882), Om endringer i lovgivningen angaaende Norges Bank, 8. 10. This view was pronounced in the only two academic dissertations on central banking published in Norway before the war. E. Hertzberg, En kritisk fremstilling af grundsætningerne for seddelbankers indretning og virksomhed med særligt hensyn til de skandinaviske seddelbanker i deres nuværende skikkelse. Kristiania: UIO 1877 and A. N. Kiær, Om seddelbanker: en kritisk fremstilling af grundsætningerne for seddelbankers indretning og virksomhed med særligt hensyn til de skandinaviske seddelbanker i deres nuværende skikkelse. Christiania: UIO 1877. 11. Aschehoug in his comprehensive four-volume textbook in economics, argued that the banking school was ‘in general true’, but qualified the statement by referring to the dangers inherent in banks of issue and commercial banks expanding the credit strongly in the face of a speculative boom. Th. Aschehoug, Socialøkonomik, volume III. Christiania 1903–8, XI, 264–8. 12. W. Keilhaug, Norge og verdenskrigen (Oslo, 1927), 11–14, Farmand 15 Aug. 1914. 13. F. Sejersted, ‘Den norske “Sonderweg’”', in F. Sejersted (ed), Demokratisk kapitalisme, Rev. edition (Oslo, 2002). 14. Keilhau, Norge og verdenskrigen (Aschehoug, 1927), 283–98. 15. Extraordinary defence expenditure has been estimated at around 200 million kroner. In comparison, the defence budget for 1913/1914 totalled 27 million kroner. 16. Britain delivered bunkers to 85 per cent of all steamships in the world. With the exception of some American and Japanese stations, all depots along the main international sailing routes were under British control. J. Schreiner, Norsk skipsfart under krig og høykonjunktur 1914–1920 (Oslo, 1963), 116. 17. O. Riste, The neutral ally: Norway's relations with belligerent powers in the First World War (Oslo, 1965). 18. In fact, most of the fish rotted at the quayside in Bergen. 19. F. Hodne, Norges økonomiske historie (Oslo, 1981), 445–8. 20. Hodne, Norges økonomiske historie, 449. 21. Hodne, Norges økonomiske historie, 450–1. 22. Farmand, 28 Oct. 1916 and 13 Jan. 1917. 23. Farmand, 8 Jan. 1916, 13. 24. Farmand, 18 Nov. 1916, 912. 25. From 1914 to 1916, the implicit price deflators for exports and imports increased by 195 and 91 percent respectively. The corresponding numbers from 1916 to 1918 were 39 and 84 percent respectively. O. H. Grytten, ‘The gross domestic product for Norway 1830–2003’, chapter 6 in Ø. Eitrheim, J. T. Klovland, and J. F.Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway 1819–2003, Norges Bank Occasional Papers 35 (Oslo, 2004), 241–88. 26. The comparison of neutral countries is based on data from B. R. Mitchell, International Historical Statistics Europe 1750–1993, Fourth Ed. (London, 1998), tables G1 and G4. 27. T. Balderston, ‘War Finance and Inflation in Britain and Germany, 1914–1918’, The Economic History Review, 2 (1989), 223. 28. F. Hodne and O. H. Grytten, Norsk økonomi i det 20. Århundre (Bergen, 2002), 84–5. 29. Hodne and Grytten, Norsk økonomi i det 20. århundre, 96. 30. M. Friedman and A. J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, 1963), 776–808. 31. Non-central bank domestic sources show domestic sources of monetary growth, excluding Norges Bank, that is, the private sector and savings and commercial banks. Monetary base (H) is the narrowest money supply notion. 32. J. T. Klovland, ‘Valutasystemer, pengepolitikk og konjunkturutvikling: De historiske bånd til Europa’, in V. D. Norman (ed), EUROPA Forskning om økonomisk integrasjon. SNF Årbok 1995 (Bergen, 1996), 154. 33. In July 1914 the corresponding numbers had been 27 and four million kroner respectively. Data for bank holdings abroad collected from: Statistics Norway, Statistiske meddelelser 1914–18. 34. Farmand, 10 Nov. 1917. See also Farmand 13 July 1918, referring to an article by Mr. L. Grønvold for the yearbook of the Norwegian Chamber of Commerce in London which estimates combined Norwegian holdings in the United Kingdom to 50 million pounds sterling (800 million NOK). 35. Statistics Norway, Finansstatistisk undersøkelse pr. 1. Mai 1919, tilleggshefte til Meddelelser fra det statistiske centralbyrå 1919 (Kristiania, 1920), 11. 36. Statistics Norway, Statistiske meddelelser 1919. 37. Farmand, 10 Nov. 1917. 38. The increase in domestic central bank discounting relative to the note circulation is, however, quite small, although the development is the same. From amounting to 61.5 percent of the note circulation in January 1914 it peaked at 120.6 percent in December 1917. 39. Farmand, 13 March 1915 and 11 Sept. 1915. 40. J. T. Klovland, Monetary aggregates in Norway 1819–2003, calculations made on the basis of table A2. 41. Farmand, 11 Aug. 1917, 648. 42. Norges Bank, Annual Report 1915. 43. Norges Bank, Annual Report 1915. 44. Norges Bank, Annual Report 1914. 45. Norges Bank, Annual Report 1915. 46. The term ‘all right’ seems a bit informal, but it was actually the Norwegian equivalent, ‘var det greit’, the governor used in verbatim according to the transcript of association's proceedings. 47. O. Jæger, Dyrtidens årsaker og midlene til dens bekjempelse Statsøkonomisk tidsskrift, 1916, 222. 48. Norges Bank, Annual Report 1917. 49. Farmand, 11 Sept. 1915, 657–9. 50. Farmand, 10 Aug. 1918, 697–9. 51. Farmand, 22 June, 29 June and 6 July 1918. 52. Farmand, 30 Sept. 1916 and 22 June 1918. 53. D-2-35: Norges Bank, Direksjonsarkiv II, D - Saksarkiv hovedsete 1873–1975, 0008 Kritikk 4 avdelinger, disposisjoner 1915–1923, Brev av 15. september 1922 til Norges Banks Representantskap. 54. D-2-35: Norges Bank, Direksjonsarkiv II, D - Saksarkiv hovedsete 1873–1975, 0008 Kritikk 4 avdelinger, disposisjoner 1915–1923, Brev av 7. februar 1923 til Norges Banks Representantskap fra Norges Banks avdeling i Vardø, blad nr. 6568. 55. Farmand, 19 Feb. and 26 Feb. 1916, Jæger, Gullspørsmålet, Statsøkonomisk tidsskrift 1916, 121 and Jæger, Dyrtidens årsaker og midlene til dens bekjempelse, 214. However, the recommendation of Professor Jæger that Norwegian shipowners ought to speculate in roubles and marks instead of transferring home, was probably rather ill-judged. 56. In July 1914 gold in vault stood at 54 million kroner and peaked in March 1917 at 131 million kroner. 57. Jæger, Dyrtidens årsaker og midlene til dens bekjempelse, 222. 58. Statistics Norway, Finansstatistisk undersøkelse pr. 1. Mai 1919, 16. 59. Hodne and Grytten, Norsk økonomi i det 20. århundre, 113. 60. Hodne and Grytten, Norsk økonomi i det 20. århundre, 88–9. 61. G. Cassel, Dyrtid og Sedelöfverflöd (Stockholm, 1917), 63–4. 62. Farmand, 17 June 1916, 471. 63. Jæger, Dyrtidens årsaker og midlene til dens bekjempelse, 215. 64. Jæger, Dyrtidens årsaker og midlene til dens bekjempelse, 222–3. 65. Original article in Tidsskrift for bank og finansvæsen quoted in Farmand, 2 Feb. 1918, 95. 66. Farmand, 10 Aug. 1918, 697–9. 67. E. Engebretsen, Norsk Bankvesen (Oslo, 1939), 34–46. 68. O. Jæger, Krigens innflytelse på vår økonomi og våre finanser (lecture held at Den statsøkonomiske forening 23 Nov. 1914), Statsøkonomisk tidsskrift, 1914, 188. 69. The strongest protagonist for this criticism is Wilhelm Keilhau who went so far in his description of the late Minister of Finance Omholt that his successors sued. The Oslo City Court declared the relevant passages in his 1935 book null and void. See W. Keilhau, Norge og verdenskrigen and W. Keilhau, Tidsrummet fra omkring 1875 til omkring 1920, volume X in E. Bull, et al. (eds), Det Norske folks liv og historie gjennem tidene (Oslo, 1935). Additional informationNotes on contributorsMonica VærholmMonica Værholm, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration.Lars Fredrik ØksendalLars Fredrik Øksendal, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration and Norges Bank" @default.
• W2000864375 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2000864375 creator A5057809187 @default.
• W2000864375 creator A5063415162 @default.
• W2000864375 date "2010-12-01" @default.
• W2000864375 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W2000864375 title "Leaving the Anchor: Monetary Policy in neutral Norway during the First World War" @default.
• W2000864375 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2010.534601" @default.
• W2000864375 hasPublicationYear "2010" @default.
• W2000864375 type Work @default.
• W2000864375 sameAs 2000864375 @default.
• W2000864375 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W2000864375 countsByYear W20008643752017 @default.
• W2000864375 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2000864375 hasAuthorship W2000864375A5057809187 @default.
• W2000864375 hasAuthorship W2000864375A5063415162 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C126285488 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C137355542 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C165556158 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C195244886 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C2991833021 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C6303427 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConcept C95457728 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C126285488 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C137355542 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C162324750 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C165556158 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C17744445 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C195244886 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C199539241 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C2991833021 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C6303427 @default.
• W2000864375 hasConceptScore W2000864375C95457728 @default.
• W2000864375 hasIssue "4" @default.
• W2000864375 hasLocation W20008643751 @default.
• W2000864375 hasOpenAccess W2000864375 @default.
• W2000864375 hasPrimaryLocation W20008643751 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W1529692337 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W1542856926 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W1586708776 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W2031018258 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W2278828098 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W239005910 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W2899084033 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W2910300617 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W3023493339 @default.
• W2000864375 hasRelatedWork W3111378768 @default.
• W2000864375 hasVolume "32" @default.
• W2000864375 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2000864375 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2000864375 magId "2000864375" @default.
• W2000864375 workType "article" @default.