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• W2001605857 abstract "Reconsidering Japanese Industrialization: Marine Turbine Transfer at Mitsubishi Miwao Matsumoto (bio) How was Western science and technology transferred to Japan around the turn of the twentieth century (1880–1920), when the country rapidly changed from an agrarian society to an industrial society? Because the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) oriented technological development in Japan toward heavy industries, previous scholars have highlighted the role of the Japanese government, and especially the military, in effecting technology transfers from the West to Japan. 1 However, the private sector played an equally significant role in the transfer of technology to Japan in the leading industries of the day, such as shipbuilding and marine engineering. 2 Previous studies on the role of private companies in fostering technology transfer in shipbuilding have analyzed such factors as the accumulation of capital in the shipbuilding industry at the turn of the century, governmental financial aid, market structure, and the management and labor [End Page 74] organizations of individual companies. The various explanatory models for technology transfer fall broadly into two categories. The economic model tends to focus on the profit-maximizing behavior of private companies within a context of general economic growth. Historians, on the other hand, analyze the broader context in which private companies transferred specific technologies. Although the economic model apparently stresses the homogeneous behavior of Homo economicus and the historical model seems more sensitive to the heterogeneous behaviors of socially, politically, and ideologically different firms, a peculiarly common outlook runs through these seemingly divergent perspectives. Both models tend to start their explanation by specifying various factors furthering or hindering technology transfer after technology transfer is already assumed to have taken place. 3 Neither model adequately explains technology transfer during this crucial period in Japan’s modern history. Nor does the stereotypical view of Japanese industrialization as the sole product of government initiative explain this transfer. For Japanese heavy industrialization, the above-mentioned assumptions on technology transfer lead observers to consider a unique culture, both within and between firms in Japan, without elucidating the complex structure of the process of technology transfer itself. By focusing on the patterns of behavior and institutional characteristics of a single private company, this article attempts to sidestep such cultural afterthoughts in explaining technology transfer and to clarify the complex structure of the transfer process itself. Technology transfer is taken here to include not only the spatial movement of a technology from one place to another but also the culturally and institutionally related phenomena that encouraged a technology to take root and to develop in its new context. Chemistry and electricity played an important role in the heavy industrialization around the turn of the century, bringing with them major changes in industrial products, processes, and work organization. However, Japan’s reliance upon sea transportation for commerce and national defense [End Page 75] made technology transfer in shipbuilding and marine engineering vital. 4 Here Japan owed a particular debt to the British, the “naval architects of the world,” for both training and personnel. 5 For instance, James A. Ewing, a British mechanical engineer, taught at the Engineering College (Kobu Daigakko) in Tokyo from 1878 to 1883, and in 1897 reported on the trials of the first experimental turbine ship in the world. Britain also provided the Meiji government with more foreign employees (oyatoi gaikokujin kyoshi) than did any other Western country: 1,034 people in all, from 1868 to 1900. 6 The transfer of marine steam turbine engine technology occurred within the context of this strong and longstanding naval link between Japan and Britain. In light of that relationship, the role of Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard is particularly revealing. The company sought out new marine technologies in Britain and acquired the necessary technical and scientific expertise. For a private company, Mitsubishi played a central role in fostering the production and development of marine steam turbines in Japan. 7 [End Page 76] Behavior Patterns in the Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard Mitsubishi’s involvement in marine turbine transfer dates from 1904. On 2 November of that year, Ichiro Ezaki, a director of the engine design section, and Eizaburo Araki, foreman in a Mitsubishi fitting shop, departed for Britain by..." @default.
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• W2001605857 date "1999-01-01" @default.
• W2001605857 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2001605857 title "Reconsidering Japanese Industrialization: Marine Turbine Transfer at Mitsubishi" @default.
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• W2001605857 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1999.0048" @default.
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